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  • 1
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    Summary for Policymakers (2014)
    Cambridge University Press
    In:  EPIC3Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-32, ISBN: 9781107641655
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-03-08
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Inbook , peerRev
    Format: application/pdf
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    PAPER (OA)
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FOOD WEBS IN PHYTOTELMATA: "Bottom-Up" and "Top-Down" Explanations for Community Structure (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 46 (2001), S. 729-760 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The field study of food webs and the processes maintaining them is hampered by the sheer complexity and unreplicated nature of natural systems. The animal communities in phytotelmata-plant-held waters-are a convenient exception to this generalization. Tree holes, bamboo internodes, pitcher plants, tank bromeliads, and water-retaining plant axils contain a rich fauna, principally of arthropods, which constitute more or less complex, highly discrete food webs. They are widespread and replicated. The explanations for the community structure observed in these systems may call on "bottom-up" mechanisms such as simple environmental limitations, competition, predation, and facilitation, or they may adduce grander "top-down" theories, which explore biogeographic, energetic, dynamic, or biodiversity-related constraints. The existence of the bottom-up mechanisms is well established in experimental systems, and their consequences may be apparent in naturally occurring food webs. Top-down mechanisms demand a more holistic approach and are more difficult to test either by pattern analysis or experimental manipulation. The synoptic explanation of community composition and structure demands a multidimensional approach best expressed as a heuristic "template." Phytotelmata represent nearly ideal natural instruments for further study of food web dynamics, and exciting opportunities exist for the development and testing of community theories through their manipulation. This review is dedicated to the memory of Masanori Higashi and Gary Polis, food web theorists, colleagues, and friends, who were killed in a tragic accident while on field work in Mexico in March 2000.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.46.1.729
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laboratory observations on the teneral period in sheep blowflies, Lucilia cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (1975)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 18 (1975), S. 220-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The teneral period following emergence is defined for Lucilia cuprina in terms of activity measured using electronic actographs, volume of thoracic flight muscle, and the area of flight muscle attachment on the endo-skeletal mesothoracic post-phragmata. All three quantities are highly inter-correlated and show a rise to an asymptote following emergence. This pattern allows the teneral period at 26°C to be defined as the 3 days following emergence. The application of this figure to field situations is discussed and it is concluded that some care must be exercised in this respect. The most important conclusion emerging is that the teneral period may be identified using either behavioural or morphological characteristics, whichever is the more convenient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00299991
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temporal and spatial variation of mortality in field populations of Danaus plexippus L. and D. chrysippus L. Larvae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) (1982)
    Springer
    Oecologia 53 (1982), S. 201-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mortality estimates for the immature stages of two butterfly species, Danaus plexippus and D. chrysippus, were obtained by observing the survival of egg cohorts on different sized patches of food plants (Asclepias spp.), over a one-year period. Losses were variable (0–100%) but usually high (90% and over) throughout the year for both species. Most of the losses in both species occurred in the early stages. The mortality by the third instar accounts for 86–100% of the total losses by instar V. Accordingly both species fall into Price's (1975) type A survivorship category. The size of patches of host plants affected losses. The trend was for increasing losses with increasing patch size. A full life-budget is presented for D. plexippus and implications of the observed mortality levels for competition between the two butterfly species is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00545664
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantifying the distribution and abundance of an animals resource using aerial photography (1981)
    Springer
    Oecologia 50 (1981), S. 176-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Infra-red aerial photography was used on two occasions to map the abundance and dispersion of milkweeds (Asclepias spp.). The scale at which the aerial photographs could be interpreted showed that milkweeds occur in large contiguous areas or patches. These patches are abundant, the number in any size-class declining exponentially with increasing size. Analysis of the maps using various dispersion indices and spatial autocorrelation statistic showed that patches have a clumped dispersion. Large patches tend to be surrounded by smaller sized patches. The scales at which clumping occurred indicated a close association between milkweeds and the degree of disturbance of the ‘natural’ environment by human activities. The utility of resource mapping using aerial photography is demonstrated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00348034
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tidal rhythms in activity in the intertidal gastropodPolinices incei (Philippi) (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of ethology 5 (1987), S. 125-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-5444
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When removed into the laboratory, the intertidal snailPolinices incei, retains a tidal rhythm in activity for several days when maintained under conditions of constant light. There is, in addition, a gradual decline in activity following collection and a batch to batch effect of some note. When a 12∶12 light regime is maintained there is apparent also a c. 24 h rhythm in activity which may supercede the tidal one under some circumstances. The simplest explanation of the results is that there exist both tidal and diel rhythms. These results are compared with those observed by others for a variety of marine organisms, the adaptiveness of the behaviour pattern is discussed, and the implications of the work for further behavioural studies is explored.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02349944
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The costs and benefits of cooperation between the Australian lycaenid butterfly, Jalmenus evagoras, and its attendant ants (1987)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 21 (1987), S. 237-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The larvae and pupae of the Australian lycaenid butterfly, Jalmenus evagoras associate mutualistically with ants in the genus Iridomyrmex. Four ant exclusion experiments in three field sites demonstrated that predation and parasitism of J. evagoras are so intense that individuals deprived of their attendant ants are unlikely to survive. Larvae and pupae of J. evagoras aggregate, and the mean number of attendant ants per individual increases with larval age and decreases with group size. Field observations showed that young larvae could gain more attendant ants per individual by joining the average size group of about 4 larvae than by foraging alone. Aggregation behaviour is influenced by ant attendance: young larvae and pupating fifth instars aggregated significantly more often on plants with ants than on plants where ants had been excluded. In return for tending and protecting the larvae, ants were rewarded by food secretions that can amount to as much as 409 mg dry biomass from a single host plant containing 62 larvae and pupae of J. evagoras over a 24 h period. Larval development in the laboratory lasted approximately a month, and larvae that were tended by ants developed almost 5 days faster than larvae that were not tended. However, tended individuals, particularly females, pupated at a significantly lower weight than their untended counterparts, and the adults that eclosed from these pupae were also lighter and smaller. On average, pupae that were tended by ants lost 25% more weight than untended pupae, and in contrast with larvae, they took longer to eclose than pupae that were not tended. These experimental results are discussed in terms of costs and benefits of association for both partners, and of aggregation for the lycaenids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00292505
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A core sampler for semi-fluid substrates (1971)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 37 (1971), S. 205-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Una descripción de un tubo saca-testigos diseñado para tomar muestras en cavidades de árboles conteniendo agua es presentada. El aparato consiste de un mecanismo taladrante que se ajusta dentro del tubo del saca-testigos convencional. Su construcción es simple y barata, y el instrumento es portátil y fácil de usar.
    Notes: Summary A core sampler developed for use in sampling water-filled tree-holes is described. This apparatus consists of an auger mechanism that fits inside the conventional corer tube. Its construction is simple and inexpensive and the resulting instrument is both portable and easy to use.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015568
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Central place foraging in larvae of the charaxine butterfly,Polyura pyrrhus (L.): A case study in a herbivore (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of ethology 4 (1986), S. 59-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-5444
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Central place foraging by larvae of the charaxine butterfly,Polyura pyrrhus, was studied. Larvae made foraging trips from the silken pads they constructed on leaflets of their foodplant,Acacia sp. A foraging trip sometimes involved complete depletion of a single patch of foodplant pinnules. Larvae which did not deplete a patch appeared to eat until they were satiated, whereas larvae which depleted a patch either visited another patch (multiple-patch foraging) or returned directly to the pad (single-patch foraging). If the food intake at the first patch was small a larva tended to make a “multiple-patch” decision, especially when the pinnule-patch was distant from the resting pad. The duration between successive foraging trips (resting time on the pad) was much longer than the round trip duration: on average about 3 h and 15 min, respectively. The resting time is suggested to be a handling time (i.e., digesting food in the gut) and was disproportional to the amount of food consumed, i.e., the handling efficiency was higher when the larva consumed a larger amount of food. This may be the reason why larvae usually ate until they were satiated. A food-intake-rate maximizing model was constructed to describe the decision rule as to whether a larva should make a single-patch or a multiple-patch foraging trip. One of the model's predictions (i.e., larvae should engage in multiple-patch foraging when the food intake at the first patch is small) qualitatively corresponds with data, however, the model does not explain the effect of travelling time on decision making in larvae. Several other factors which may influence the decision making of larvae are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02348253
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  • 10
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    The importance of non-linearity: A comment on the views of Taylor (1986)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986-06-01
    Print ISSN: 1438-3896
    Electronic ISSN: 1438-390X
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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