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  • 1
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Boulder, Colo. : National Center for Atmospheric Research [u.a.]
    Associated volumes
    Call number: AWI A5-04-0045
    In: NCAR technical notes
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 82 S.
    Series Statement: NCAR technical notes 299 : STR
    Note: Table of Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgments. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The evolution of GDAS. - 3. The NMC data set. - 4. Internal consistency. - 5. Problems with individual analyses. - 6. 15 day averages. - 7. Discussion and conclusions. - References. - Appendix I Acronyms. - Appendix II Summary of NMC operational changes. - Appendix III Impact of NMC operational changes. - Appendix IV Missing data. - Appendix V Bad/suspicious NMC data. - Appendix VI Trends/changes in NMC data.
    Location: AWI Reading room
    Branch Library: AWI Library
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  • 2
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Cambridge [u.a.] : Cambridge University Press
    Call number: AWI A13-92-0466 ; PIK N 456-93-0113
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgements. - The authors. - Acronyms. - Notation. - Physical constants. - PART 1: INTRODUCTION. - 1 Introduction to climate modeling. - 2 Human components of the climate system. - PART 2: THE SCIENCE: SUBSYSTEMS AND PROCESSES. - 3 The atmosphere. - 4 The ocean circulation. - 5 Land surface. - 6 Terrestrial ecosystems. - 7 Atmospheric chemistry. - 8 Marine biogeochemistry. - PART 3: MODELING AND PARAMETERIZATION. - 9 Climate system simulation: basic numerical & computational concepts. - 10 Atmospheric general circulation modeling. - 11 Ocean general circulation modeling. - 12 Sea ice models. - 13 Land ice and climate. - 14 Biophysical models of land surface processes. - 15 Chemistry-transport models. - 16 Biogeochemical ocean models. - PART 4: COUPLINGS AND INTERACTIONS. - 17 Global coupled models: atmosphere, ocean, sea ice. - 18 Tropical pacific ENSO models: ENSO as a mode of the coupled system. - PART 5: SENSITIVITY EXPERIMENTS AND APPLICATIONS. - 19 Climate variability simulated in GCMs. - 20 Climate-model responses to increased CO2 and other greenhouse gases. - 21 Modeling large climatic changes of the past. - 22 Changes in land use. - PART 6: FUTURE PROSPECTS. - 26 Climate system modeling prospects. - References. - Index
    Description / Table of Contents: It is now widely recognized that human activities are transforming the global environment. What will be the changes in climate caused by anthropogenic influences and how do these compare with natural variations? To address these questions there is an urgent need to understand and model the global climate system effectively. A central role of climate system models will be to help determine possible impacts and help guide possible future policies. Climate System Modeling provides a thorough grounding in climate dynamics and the issues involved but also the mathematical, physical, chemical and biological basis for the component models and the sources of uncertainty, the assumptions made and approximations introduced. Climate system models go beyond climate models to include all aspects of the climate system: the atmosphere, the ocean, the cryosphere (including snow, sea ice, and glaciers), the biosphere and terrestrial ecosystems, other land surface processes and additional parts of the hydrosphere including ricers, and all the complex interactions between these components. The biogeochemical cycles in both the atmosphere and the ocean are dealt with in detail, potentially allowing the carbon cycle, for instance, to be treated with some veracity. Instead of projecting and specifying what future atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane might be, the goal of these models is to deal comprehensively with the carbon cycle and predict the future evolution of greenhouse gas concentrations, as well as the impact of those changes on the physical climate. Climate System Modeling is a comprehensive text which will appeal to students and researchers concerned with any aspect of climate and the study of related topics in the earth and environmental sciences.
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XXIX, 788 S. : graph. Darst.
    ISBN: 0521432316
    Location: A 18 - must be ordered
    Branch Library: AWI Library
    Branch Library: PIK Library
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2015-08-29
    Description: A detailed examination is made in both observations and the Community Earth System Model (CESM) of relationships among top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiation, water vapor, temperatures and precipitation for 2000-2014 to assess the origins of radiative perturbations and climate feedbacks empirically. The 30-member large ensemble coupled runs are analyzed along with one run with specified sea surface temperatures for 1994 to 2005 (to avoid volcanic eruptions). The vertical structure of the CESM temperature profile tends to be top-heavy in the model, with too much deep convection and not enough lower stratospheric cooling as part of the response to tropospheric heating. There is too much absorbed solar radiation (ASR) over the southern oceans and not enough in the tropics, and ENSO is too large in amplitude in this version of the model. However, the co-variability of monthly mean anomalies produces remarkably good replication of most of the observed relationships. There is a lot more high frequency variability in radiative fluxes than in temperature, highlighting the role of clouds and transient weather systems in the radiation statistics. Over the Warm Pool in the tropical western Pacific and Indian oceans, where non-local effects from the Walker circulation driven by the ENSO events are important, several related biases emerge: in response to high SST anomalies there is more precipitation, water vapor and cloud, and less ASR and Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) in the model than observed. Different model global mean trends are evident, however, and possibly hinting at too much positive cloud feedback in the model.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2013-03-22
    Description: [1]  The elusive nature of the post-2004 upper ocean warming has exposed uncertainties in the ocean's role in the Earth's energy budget and transient climate sensitivity. Here we present the time evolution of the global ocean heat content for 1958 through 2009 from a new observational-based reanalysis of the ocean. Volcanic eruptions and El Niño events are identified as sharp cooling events punctuating a long-term ocean warming trend, while heating continues during the recent upper-ocean-warming hiatus, but the heat is absorbed in the deeper ocean. In the last decade, about 30% of the warming has occurred below 700 m, contributing significantly to an acceleration of the warming trend. The warming below 700 m remains even when the Argo observing system is withdrawn although the trends are reduced. Sensitivity experiments illustrate that surface wind variability is largely responsible for the changing ocean heat vertical distribution.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2015-04-09
    Description: The monthly global and regional variability in Earth's radiation balance is examined using correlations and regressions between atmospheric temperatures and water vapor with top-of-atmosphere outgoing longwave (OLR), absorbed shortwave (ASR) and net radiation (R T =ASR-OLR). Anomalous global mean monthly variability in the net radiation is surprisingly large, often more than ±1 W m −2 , and arises mainly from clouds and transient weather systems. Relationships are strongest and positive between OLR and temperatures, especially over land for tropospheric temperatures, except in the deep tropics where high sea surface temperatures are associated with deep convection, high cold cloud-tops and thus less OLR but also less ASR. Tropospheric vertically-averaged temperatures (surface-150 hPa) are thus negatively correlated globally with net radiation (−0.57), implying 2.18±0.10 W m −2 extra net radiation to space for 1°C increase in temperature. Water vapor is positively correlated with tropospheric temperatures and thus also negatively correlated with net radiation, however when the temperature dependency of water vapor is statistically removed, a significant positive feedback between water vapor and net radiation is revealed globally with 0.87 W m −2 less OLR to space per mm of total-column water vapor. The regression coefficient between global R T and tropospheric temperature becomes −2.98 W m −2 K −1 if water vapor effects are removed, slightly less than expected from black-body radiation (−3.2 W m −2 K −1 ), suggesting a positive feedback from clouds and other processes. Robust regional structures provide additional physical insights. The observational record is too short, weather noise too great and forcing too small to make reliable estimates of climate sensitivity.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Journal of Climate, Ahead of Print. 〈br/〉
    Print ISSN: 0894-8755
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0442
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Journal of Climate, Ahead of Print. 〈br/〉
    Print ISSN: 0894-8755
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0442
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2012-09-05
    Description: A global perspective is developed on a number of high impact climate extremes in 2010 through diagnostic studies of the anomalies, diabatic heating, and global energy and water cycles that demonstrate relationships among variables and across events. Natural variability, especially ENSO, and global warming from human influences together resulted in very high sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in several places that played a vital role in subsequent developments. Record high SSTs in the Northern Indian Ocean in May 2010, the Gulf of Mexico in August 2010, the Caribbean in September 2010, and north of Australia in December 2010 provided a source of unusually abundant atmospheric moisture for nearby monsoon rains and flooding in Pakistan, Colombia, and Queensland. The resulting anomalous diabatic heating in the northern Indian and tropical Atlantic Oceans altered the atmospheric circulation by forcing quasi-stationary Rossby waves and altering monsoons. The anomalous monsoonal circulations had direct links to higher latitudes: from Southeast Asia to southern Russia, and from Colombia to Brazil. Strong convection in the tropical Atlantic in northern summer 2010 was associated with a Rossby wave train that extended into Europe creating anomalous cyclonic conditions over the Mediterranean area while normal anticyclonic conditions shifted downstream where they likely interacted with an anomalously strong monsoon circulation, helping to support the persistent atmospheric anticyclonic regime over Russia. This set the stage for the “blocking” anticyclone and associated Russian heat wave and wild fires. Attribution is limited by shortcomings in models in replicating monsoons, teleconnections and blocking.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2011-09-17
    Description: Numerous attempts have been made to constrain climate sensitivity with observations [1-10] (with [6] as LC09, [8] as SB11). While all of these attempts contain various caveats and sources of uncertainty, some efforts have been shown to contain major errors and are demonstrably incorrect. For example, multiple studies [11-13] separately addressed weaknesses in LC09 [6]. The work of Trenberth et al. [13], for instance, demonstrated a basic lack of robustness in the LC09 method that fundamentally undermined their results. Minor changes in that study’s subjective assumptions yielded major changes in its main conclusions. Moreover, Trenberth et al. [13] criticized the interpretation of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) as an analogue for exploring the forced response of the climate system. In addition, as many cloud variations on monthly time scales result from internal atmospheric variability, such as the Madden-Julian Oscillation, cloud variability is not a deterministic response to surface temperatures. Nevertheless, many of the problems in LC09 [6] have been perpetuated, and Dessler [10] has pointed out similar issues with two more recent such attempts [7,8]. Here we briefly summarize more generally some of the pitfalls and issues involved in developing observational constraints on climate feedbacks. [...]
    Electronic ISSN: 2072-4292
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by MDPI Publishing
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2014-01-15
    Description: I am delighted to be recognized with this prize. I want to first thank AGU and the prize committee and, especially, Nature's Own for establishing this prize in a field that has become contentious and highly political. It did not used to be this way. Following the media frenzy with the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report, there was hope at the 2009 Conference of Parties meeting in Copenhagen that an international framework agreement on climate change might be achieved. It was not to be. Planned actions to address issues of climate change were undermined by huge funding of misinformation by vested interests. It was not helped by so-called “climategate” in which many emails illegally hacked from a computer server at the University of East Anglia in the United Kingdom were released, cherry picked, distorted, and misused by climate change deniers. Minor errors in the IPCC report were blown out of all proportion and ineffectively addressed. I was caught up in all this, and one of my many emails went viral: the “travesty” quote in which I bemoaned the inability to close the global energy balance associated with short-term climate variability but which was misinterpreted as saying there was no global warming. These examples highlight failures of communication.
    Print ISSN: 0096-3941
    Electronic ISSN: 2324-9250
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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