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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil 13C–15N dynamics in an N2-fixing clover system under long-term exposure to elevated atmospheric CO2 (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 9 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Reduced soil N availability under elevated CO2 may limit the plant's capacity to increase photosynthesis and thus the potential for increased soil C input. Plant productivity and soil C input should be less constrained by available soil N in an N2-fixing system. We studied the effects of Trifolium repens (an N2-fixing legume) and Lolium perenne on soil N and C sequestration in response to 9 years of elevated CO2 under FACE conditions. 15N-labeled fertilizer was applied at a rate of 140 and 560 kg N ha−1 yr−1 and the CO2 concentration was increased to 60 Pa pCO2 using 13C-depleted CO2. The total soil C content was unaffected by elevated CO2, species and rate of 15N fertilization. However, under elevated CO2, the total amount of newly sequestered soil C was significantly higher under T. repens than under L. perenne. The fraction of fertilizer-N (fN) of the total soil N pool was significantly lower under T. repens than under L. perenne. The rate of N fertilization, but not elevated CO2, had a significant effect on fN values of the total soil N pool. The fractions of newly sequestered C (fC) differed strongly among intra-aggregate soil organic matter fractions, but were unaffected by plant species and the rate of N fertilization. Under elevated CO2, the ratio of fertilizer-N per unit of new C decreased under T. repens compared with L. perenne. The L. perenne system sequestered more 15N fertilizer than T. repens: 179 vs. 101 kg N ha−1 for the low rate of N fertilization and 393 vs. 319 kg N ha−1 for the high N-fertilization rate. As the loss of fertilizer-15N contributed to the 15N-isotope dilution under T. repens, the input of fixed N into the soil could not be estimated. Although N2 fixation was an important source of N in the T. repens system, there was no significant increase in total soil C compared with a non-N2-fixing L. perenne system. This suggests that N2 fixation and the availability of N are not the main factors controlling soil C sequestration in a T. repens system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2003.00706.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Linking sequestration of 13C and 15N in aggregates in a pasture soil following 8 years of elevated atmospheric CO2 (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 8 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: The influence of N availability on C sequestration under prolonged elevated CO2 in terrestrial ecosystems remains unclear. We studied the relationships between C and N dynamics in a pasture seeded to Lolium perenne after 8 years of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (FACE) conditions. Fertilizer-15N was applied at a rate of 140 and 560 kg N ha2−1 y2−1 and depleted 13C-CO2 was used to increase the CO2 concentration to 60 Pa pCO2. The 13C–15N dual isotopic tracer enabled us to study the dynamics of newly sequestered C and N in the soil by aggregate size and fractions of particulate organic matter (POM), made up by intra-aggregate POM (iPOM) and free light fraction (LF). Eight years of elevated CO2 did not increase total C content in any of the aggregate classes or POM fractions at both rates of N application. The fraction of new C in the POM fractions also remained largely unaffected by N fertilization. Changes in the fractions of new C and new N (fertilizer-N) under elevated CO2 were more pronounced between POM classes than between aggregate size classes. Hence, changes in the dynamics of soil C and N cycling are easier to detect in the POM fractions than in the whole aggregates. Within N treatments, fractions of new C and N in POM classes were highly correlated with more new C and N in large POM fractions and less in the smaller POM fractions. Isotopic data show that the microaggregates were derived from the macro-aggregates and that the C and N associated with the microaggregates turned over slower than the C and N associated with the macroaggregates. There was also isotopic evidence that N immobilized by soil microorganisms was an important source of N in the iPOM fractions. Under low N availability, 3.04 units of new C per unit of fertilizer N were sequestered in the POM fractions. Under high N availability, the ratio of new C sequestered per unit of fertilizer N was reduced to 1.47. Elevated and ambient CO2 concentrations lead to similar 15N enrichments in the iPOM fractions under both low and high N additions, clearly showing that the SOM-N dynamics were unaffected by prolonged elevated CO2 concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00527.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elevated atmospheric CO2 alters microbial population structure in a pasture ecosystem (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 6 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: An increase in concentration of atmospheric CO2 is one major factor influencing global climate change. Among the consequences of such an increase is the stimulation of plant growth and productivity. Below-ground microbial processes are also likely to be affected indirectly by rising atmospheric CO2 levels, through increased root growth and rhizodeposition rates. Because changes in microbial community composition might have an impact on symbiotic interactions with plants, the response of root nodule symbionts to elevated atmospheric CO2 was investigated. In this study we determined the genetic structure of 120 Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii isolates from white clover plants exposed to ambient (350 μmol mol−1) or elevated (600 μmol mol−1) atmospheric CO2 concentrations in the Swiss FACE (Free-Air-Carbon-Dioxide-Enrichment) facility. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) fingerprinting of genomic DNA showed that the isolates from plants grown under elevated CO2 were genetically different from those isolates obtained from plants grown under ambient conditions. Moreover, there was a 17% increase in nodule occupancy under conditions of elevated atmospheric CO2 when strains of R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii isolated from plots exposed to CO2 enrichment were evaluated for their ability to compete for nodulation with those strains isolated from ambient conditions. These results indicate that a shift in the community composition of R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii occurred as a result of an increased atmospheric CO2 concentration, and that elevated atmospheric CO2 affects the competitive ability of root nodule symbionts, most likely leading to a selection of these particular strains to nodulate white clover.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00326.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carbon-13 input and turn-over in a pasture soil exposed to long-term elevated atmospheric CO2 (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 6 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: The impact of elevated CO2 and N-fertilization on soil C-cycling in Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens pastures were investigated under Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) conditions. For six years, swards were exposed to ambient or elevated CO2 (35 and 60 Pa pCO2) and received a low and high rate of N fertilizer. The CO2 added in the FACE plots was depleted in 13C compared to ambient (Δ−  40‰) thus the C inputs could be quantified.On average, 57% of the C associated with the sand fraction of the soil was ‘new’ C. Smaller proportions of the C associated with the silt (18%) and clay fractions (14%) were derived from FACE. Only a small fraction of the total C pool below 10 cm depth was sequestered during the FACE experiment.The annual net input of C in the FACE soil (0–10 cm) was estimated at 4.6 ± 2.2 and 6.3 ± 3.6 (95% confidence interval) Mg ha− 1 for T. repens and L. perenne, respectively. The maximum amount of labile C in the T. repens sward was estimated at 8.3 ± 1.6 Mg ha− 1 and 7.1 ± 1.0 Mg ha− 1 in the L. perenne sward. Mean residence time (MRT) for newly sequestered soil C was estimated at 1.8 years in the T. repens plots and 1.1 years for L. perenne. An average of 18% of total soil C in the 0–10 cm depth in the T. repens sward and 24% in the L. perenne sward was derived from FACE after 6 years exposure. The majority of the change in soil δ13C occurred in the first three years of the experiment. No treatment effects on total soil C were detected.The fraction of FACE-derived C in the L. perenne sward was larger than in the T. repens sward. This suggests a priming effect in the L. perenne sward which led to increased losses of the old C. Although the rate of C cycling was affected by species and elevated CO2, the soil in this intensively managed grassland ecosystem did not become a sink for additional new C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00287.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Net soil carbon input under ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations: isotopic evidence after 4 years (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 6 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Elevation of atmospheric CO2 concentration is predicted to increase net primary production, which could lead to additional C sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems. Soil C input was determined under ambient and Free Atmospheric Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) conditions for Lolium perenne L. and Trifolium repens L. grown for four years in a sandy-loam soil. The 13C content of the soil organic matter C had been increased by 5‰ compared to the native soil by prior cropping to corn (Zea mays) for 〉 20 years. Both species received low or high amounts of N fertilizer in separate plots. The total accumulated above-ground biomass produced by L. perenne during the 4-year period was strongly dependent on the amount of N fertilizer applied but did not respond to increased CO2. In contrast, the total accumulated above-ground biomass of T. repens doubled under elevated CO2 but remained independent of N fertilizer rate. The C:N ratio of above-ground biomass for both species increased under elevated CO2 whereas only the C:N ratio of L. perenne roots increased under elevated CO2. Root biomass of L. perenne doubled under elevated CO2 and again under high N fertilization. Total soil C was unaffected by CO2 treatment but dependent on species. After 4 years and for both crops, the fraction of new C (F-value) under ambient conditions was higher (P= 0.076) than under FACE conditions: 0.43 vs. 0.38. Soil under L. perenne showed an increase in total soil organic matter whereas N fertilization or elevated CO2 had no effect on total soil organic matter content for both systems. The net amount of C sequestered in 4 years was unaffected by the CO2 concentration (overall average of 8.5 g C kg−1 soil). There was a significant species effect and more new C was sequestered under highly fertilized L. perenne. The amount of new C sequestered in the soil was primarily dependent on plant species and the response of root biomass to CO2 and N fertilization. Therefore, in this FACE study net soil C sequestration was largely depended on how the species responded to N rather than to elevated CO2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00318.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Using stable isotopes to determine soil carbon input differences under ambient and elevated atmospheric CO2 conditions (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 3 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Quantitative estimates of soil C input under ambient (35 Pa) and elevated (60 Pa) CO2-partial pressure (pCO2) were determined in a Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) experiment. To facilitate 13C-tracing, Trifolium repens L. was grown in a soil with an initial δ13C distinct by at least 5‰ from the δ13C of T. repens grown under ambient or elevated pCO2. A shift in δ13C of the soil organic C was detected after one growing season. Calculated new soil C inputs in soil under ambient and elevated pCO2 were 2 and 3 t ha–1, respectively. Our findings suggest that under elevated CO2 conditions, soil C sequestration may be altered by changes in plant biomass production and quality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1997.00107.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen-15 budget in model ecosystems of white clover and perennial ryegrass exposed for four years at elevated atmospheric pCO2 (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 8 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Although there are many indications that N cycling in grassland ecosystems changes under elevated atmospheric CO2 partial pressure (pCO2), most information has been obtained in short-term studies. Thus, N budgets were established for four years under ambient and 60 Pa pCO2 at two levels of N fertilization in two contrasting model ecosystems: Trifolium repens L. (white clover) and Lolium perenne L. (perennial ryegrass) were planted in soil in boxes in the Swiss FACE experiment. While T. repens showed an 80% increase in harvested biomass with no change in biomass allocation under elevated atmospheric pCO2 compared to ambient conditions, L. perenne showed an increase only in the biomass of the roots. During the four years of the experiment, the systems gained N both from N retained in the soil and from stubble/stolon and roots left after the final harvest; in total between 11 and 86 gN m−2. Nitrogen retention in the soil was between 4 and 64 g m2. The L. perenne system gained the most N and retained the most N in the soil at high N fertilization and elevated atmospheric pCO2. The input of new C and N into the soil correlated well in the L. perenne systems but not in the T. repens systems. Elevated atmospheric pCO2 led neither to an increase in N retention in the soil nor did it reduce the loss of N from the soil. In the L. perenne systems, N fertilization played the main role in both the retention of N and the sequestration of C, while in the T. repens systems symbiotic N2 fixation may have controlled N retention in the soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1354-1013.2001.00465.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decomposition of soil and plant carbon from pasture systems after 9 years of exposure to elevated CO2: impact on C cycling and modeling (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 10 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Elevated atmospheric CO2 may alter decomposition rates through changes in plant material quality and through its impact on soil microbial activity. This study examines whether plant material produced under elevated CO2 decomposes differently from plant material produced under ambient CO2. Moreover, a long-term experiment offered a unique opportunity to evaluate assumptions about C cycling under elevated CO2 made in coupled climate–soil organic matter (SOM) models. Trifolium repens and Lolium perenne plant materials, produced under elevated (60 Pa) and ambient CO2 at two levels of N fertilizer (140 vs. 560 kg ha−1 yr−1), were incubated in soil for 90 days. Soils and plant materials used for the incubation had been exposed to ambient and elevated CO2 under free air carbon dioxide enrichment conditions and had received the N fertilizer for 9 years. The rate of decomposition of L. perenne and T. repens plant materials was unaffected by elevated atmospheric CO2 and rate of N fertilization. Increases in L. perenne plant material C : N ratio under elevated CO2 did not affect decomposition rates of the plant material. If under prolonged elevated CO2 changes in soil microbial dynamics had occurred, they were not reflected in the rate of decomposition of the plant material. Only soil respiration under L. perenne, with or without incorporation of plant material, from the low-N fertilization treatment was enhanced after exposure to elevated CO2. This increase in soil respiration was not reflected in an increase in the microbial biomass of the L. perenne soil. The contribution of old and newly sequestered C to soil respiration, as revealed by the 13C-CO2 signature, reflected the turnover times of SOM–C pools as described by multipool SOM models. The results do not confirm the assumption of a negative feedback induced in the C cycle following an increase in CO2, as used in coupled climate–SOM models. Moreover, this study showed no evidence for a positive feedback in the C cycle following additional N fertilization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00862.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of nitrogen-15 natural abundance and nitrogen yield of non-nodulating isolines to estimate nitrogen fixation by soybeans (Glycine max L.) across three elevations (1993)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 15 (1993), S. 81-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: δ 15N ; Elevation ; Nitrogen fixation ; Non-nodulating ; Glycine max ; Soybeans ; Isolines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Dissimilarities in soil N uptake between N2-fixing and reference non-N2-fixing plants can lead to inaccurate N2 fixation estimates by N difference and 15N enrichment methods. The natural 15N abundance (δ 15N) method relies on a stabilized soil 15N pool and may provide reliable estimates of N2 fixation. Estimates based on the δ 15N and differences in N yield of nodulating and non-nodulating isolines of soybean were compared in this study. Five soybeans from maturity groups 00, IV, VI, and VIII and their respective non-nodulating isolines were grown at three elevations differing in ambient temperature and soil N availability. Despite large differences in phenological development and N yield between the non-nodulating isolines, the δ 15N values measured on seeds were relatively constant within a site. The δ 15N method consistently produced lower N2 fixation estimates than the N difference method, but only in three of the 15 observations did they differ significantly. The average crop N derived from N2 fixation across sites and maturity groups was 81% by N difference compared to 71% by δ 15N. The magnitude of difference between the two methods increased with increasing proportions of N derived from N2 fixation. These differences between the two methods were not related to differences in total N across sites or genotypes. The low N2 fixation estimates based on δ 15N might indicate that the nodulating isolines had assimilated more soil N than the non-nodulating ones. A lower variance indicated that the estimates by N difference using non-nodulating isolines were more precise than those by δ 15N. Since the differences between the estimates were large only at high N2 fixation levels (low soil N availability), either method may be used in most situations when a non-nodulating isoline is used as the reference plant. The δ 15N method may have a comparative advantage over N difference and 15N enrichment methods in the absence of a suitable non-N2-fixing reference plant such as a non-nodulating isoline.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336422
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of Anhydrous Ammonia in Single-Pass Seeding Operations of Spring Wheat at Varied Landscape Positions (1999)
    Springer
    Agronomy journal 91 (1999), S. 969-974 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-1962
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Triticum aestivum L.). The openers differed in fertilizer placement and soil disturbance. The effect of AA on grain yield and protein content as influenced by application rate and opener was investigated at varied landscape positions. The experiment was conducted at six sites in two years using a randomized complete block design. Averaged across year and location, wheat grain yield was higher on footslopes than on shoulders; however, the effect of landscape position was not consistent at all locations. Landscape position did not affect protein content. Application of AA with either opener resulted in grain yields and protein contents comparable to granular urea and ammonium nitrate (AN) fertilizers. Even at the highest AA application rate tested (105 kg N ha−1), no crop damage was expressed in final yield.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/
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