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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetically Modified Organisms and Trade Rules: Identifying Important Challenges for the WTO (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing LTD
    The @world economy 26 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9701
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Law , Economics
    Notes: Controversial debates associated with the establishment of international market access rules for genetically modified organisms (GMOs) illustrate a more general challenge facing the World Trade Organisation (WTO); to acceptably accommodate growing consumer concerns regarding a product's production and processing methods (PPM). This paper aims to clarify the debates by examining the foundations of and the procedures for the WTO's decision–making on PPM–based market access rules. To illustrate this, both an import embargo and a mandatory labelling regulation for GMOs are examined. The strengths and weaknesses of the current decision–making procedure are discussed and options for future negotiations are proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9701.00508
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Highly Efficient Enantioselective Pauson-Khand Reactions (1995)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Organometallics 14 (1995), S. 4986-4988 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-6041
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/om00011a007
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The North American–European Union Dispute Over Beef Produced Using Growth Hormones: A Major Test for the New International Trade Regime (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    The @world economy 25 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9701
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Law , Economics
    Notes: At the time, the negotiation of the SPS agreement was seen as a major accomplishment of the Uruguay Round. One of the first major tests of both the SPS and the WTO’s new dispute settlement system was the long standing and acrimonious dispute between the EU and the US and Canada over trade in beef produced using hormones. Both the SPS and the disputes system performed as expected but the EU, the loser in the case, has chosen to ignore the WTO Panel’s ruling and accept retaliation. As a result, the credibility of the WTO is threatened and the outcome suggests that new negotiations may be required. The issues in the case are outlined and implications for trade in biological products drawn.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9701.00431
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    International Trade in Transgenic Food Products: A New Focus for Agricultural Trade Disputes (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    The @world economy 22 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9701
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Law , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9701.00202
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enthalpy of Frozen Foods Determined by Differential Compensated Calorimetry (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 58 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Frozen samples were placed in one of two insulated vessels at room temperature. Enthalpy was measured by the electrical energy required to reverse the temperature differential that developed. Tests with pure ice agreed to within 0.3% of expected values. Measurements on beef, bread, egg white, and applesauce were similar to published values. The change in average enthalpy during freezing was examined and agreed with an enthalpy-based freezing model. Differential compensated calorimetry affords several advantages and was particularly useful for rapid measurement of enthalpy in commercial freezer conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1993.tb04354.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cracking export markets with genetically modified crops: What is the entry mode strategy? (2004)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International marketing review 21 (2004), S. 536-548 
    Details
    ISSN: 0265-1335
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Public and private policy responses to the introduction of genetically modified (GM) crops have differed across countries and regions, resulting in market fragmentation that is in conflict with the entry mode strategy of standardisation that has dominated the food distribution system for a century. To deal with the new market reality, an alternative entry mode strategy must be established which is capable of segregation - or identity preservation (IP) - of the commodity supply system. A multi-mode strategy is presented that combines the economic transaction cost perspective with the institutional theory perspective. A seemingly paradoxical result emerges: standardisation is the solution to market differentiation. That is, an IP entry mode strategy must first be built on a foundation of standardised norms and protocols, which then makes it easier to target specific entry mode strategies to meet the divergent export market access rules resulting from the differential public policy and private strategies in various countries and regions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02651330410547180
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Planning for the impacts of agrobiotechnologies: A guide for public administrators (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of public sector management 8 (1995), S. 35-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 0951-3558
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Biotechnology involves the use of modern biological procedures toenhance economically desirable traits exhibited by plants, animals andmicro-organisms. These new technologies are currently reaching the stageof commercial application in agriculture. Developing countries will facea major challenge over the next decade as they attempt to developpolicies and administrative structures which will allow the successfulintroduction of agrobiotechnologies while minimizing the socio-economicdisruptions which may accompany rapid technological change. Attempts toprovide public sector managers with an operational planning frameworkwhich will allow them to anticipate the impacts of biotechnologies inadvance of their introduction and, hence, take steps to mitigate thecosts associated with their introduction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09513559510077823
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetically modified organisms, consumer scepticism and trade law: implications for the organisation of international supply chains (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Supply chain management 4 (1999), S. 67-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1359-8546
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Given the rapid rates of technological improvements possible, using modern biotechnology, the product life cycle of new genetically modified organisms (GMOs) is likely to be short and, hence, those investing in their development will desire access to the widest international market possible. There is, however, considerable consumer scepticism regarding GMOs, which is being translated into both government policy responses and actions by firms who are near the consumer end of the supply chain. As the licensing of GMOs is likely to vary from country to country and regulatory regimes will differ, firms involved in international supply chains for food products will be affected by the interplay of trade policy and consumer scepticism. All firms, even those not handling GMO products, will be affected because costly new monitoring procedures will be required. These additional monitoring costs suggest that competitive advantage is likely to be conferred on those supply chains which exhibit superior vertical co-ordination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13598549910264743
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cloning: will it change the management of supply chains? (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Supply chain management 3 (1998), S. 17-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1359-8546
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The announcement in February 1997, that scientists at the Roslin Institute, Edinburgh and at PPL Therapeutics had successfully cloned a sheep from another adult sheep raised many interesting questions. Ignoring the hotly debated and important ethical issues, this note explores the potential consequences of this breakthrough for vertical co-ordination in meat supply chains. By reducing the biological variation inherent in animal production, cloning technology could allow the final quality of meat products to be linked more closely to managerial ability. It may result in closer contractual relationships between farmers, processors and retailers. This would bring with it, however, the problems of asset specificity and increased risks of opportunism for farmers if they invest in livestock with a specific genetic code for a single buyer. The purpose of this short paper is to raise interesting questions which bear further investigation rather than to offer definitive answers to these questions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13598549810200852
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Supply chain relationships in the Polish pork sector (2001)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Supply chain management 6 (2001), S. 74-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1359-8546
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: New institutional economics suggests that the development of institutions and the existence of transaction costs are important determinants of the speed and success of the transition from command to market systems. Investigates the development of hog marketing channels in Poland during transition using data from a survey of Polish hog farmers. Given the fragmented structure of hog production and processing and the upheaval of transition, different transition paths can be identified. The supply chain relationships, such as contracting, that encourage improved quality and stimulate further investment are likely to exhibit long-run transaction cost advantages.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13598540110387573
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