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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An ACTH effect on recovery from conditioned taste aversion
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Behavioral Biology 17 (1976), S. 225-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 0091-6773
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0091-6773(76)90512-5
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The resolution of cultural and biological inheritance: Informativeness of different relationships (1985)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 15 (1985), S. 439-465 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Genetic ; cultural ; designs ; twins ; adopteds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The informativeness of different relationships for resolving the genetic and cultural transmission of a continuous variable is explored by computer simulation. Extended twin, extended nuclear-family, and adoption designs are considered. Combining data on twin and parent-offspring pairs provides a powerful means of detecting genetic and cultural transmission. The addition of uncle-nephew and first-cousin data sometimes leads to an increase in power. Designs involving monozygotic twin pairs and their offspring are weaker. The most powerful adoption designs involve data on both biological parent-adopted-away offspring and adoptive parent-adopted offspring pairs. In the absence of information about biological parents, combining nuclear-family, adoptive parent-adopted offspring, and adoptive/natural sibling relationships still provides a powerful strategy for hypothesis testing. Adoption designs are more robust than extended twin and extended nuclear-family designs for resolving cultural and biological inheritance in the presence of genetic dominance or phenotypic assortative mating.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01066238
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Testing hypotheses about direction of causation using cross-sectional family data (1993)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 23 (1993), S. 29-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Twins ; reciprocal causation ; genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract We review the conditions under which cross-sectional family data (e.g., data on twin pairs or adoptees and their adoptive and biological relatives) are informative about direction of causation. When two correlated traits have rather different modes of inheritance (e.g., family resemblance is determined largely by family background for one trait and by genetic factors for the other trait), cross-sectional family data will allow tests of strong unidirectional causal hypotheses (A and B are correlated “because of the causal influence of A on B” versus “because of the causal influence of B on A”) and, under some conditions, also of the hypothesis of reciprocal causation. Possible sources of errors of inference are considered. Power analyses are reported which suggest that multiple indicator variables will be needed to ensure adequate power of rejecting false models in the presence of realistic levels of measurement error. These methods may prove useful in cases where conventional methods to establish causality, by intervention, by prospective study, or by measurement of instrumental variables, are infeasible economically, ethically or practically.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01067552
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Testing genetic models for multiple symptoms: An application to the genetic analysis of liability to depression (1987)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 17 (1987), S. 331-341 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: latent trait ; depression ; mixed model ; twins ; symptoms ; major gene ; segregation ; polygenes ; psychometrics ; heritability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract A model is presented which allows for the contribution of genes and environment to categorical data on multiple symptoms. The model distinguishes between parameters needed to express the relationship between a latent trait and observed responses and the parameters required to represent the causes of variation in the latent trait. The regression of the latent trait on covariates may also be specified. The model is applied to symptoms of depression in 1983 pairs of adult female monozygotic and dizygotic twins. A model which allows only for polygenic variation in the latent trait is supported as well as the “mixed model,” which also allows for the effects of a major gene. The likelihood is significantly lower when all genetic effects are ascribed to a single gene. Practical limitations of the method are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01068135
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bias in correlations from selected samples of relatives: The effects of soft selection (1989)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 19 (1989), S. 163-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: twin studies ; sampling bias ; statistical selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Martin and Wilson (1982) describe two forms of sampling bias in twin studies. One is “hard selection,” where individuals above a threshold participate, and those below do not. The second is “soft selection,” where the probability of including a pair of relatives varies over the range of the character. We present an alternative model of soft selection which has strikingly different consequences for the resemblance between relatives. In general, the softer the threshold, the more the correlation resembles that in the underlying population. Results are presented where the probability of selection equals the cumulative distribution function of a normal distribution with 10% of the variance of the selected variable. In these circumstances, soft selection usually leads to less severely attenuated correlations than truncate selection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01065901
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A model system for analysis of family resemblance in extended kinships of twins (1994)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 24 (1994), S. 35-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Twins ; twin kinships ; cultural inheritance ; assortative mating ; religion ; maternal effects ; twin environment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The “Virginia 30,000” comprise 29,698 subjects from the extended kinships of 5670 twin pairs. Over 80 unique correlations between relatives can be derived from these kinships, comprised of monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins and their spouses, parents, siblings, and children. This paper describes the first application of a fairly general model for family resemblance to data from the Virginia 30,000. The model assesses the contributions of additive and dominant genetic effects in the presence of vertical cultural inheritance, phenotypic assortative mating, shared twin and sibling environments, and within-family environment. The genetic and environmental effects can be dependent on sex. Assortment and cultural inheritance may be based either on the phenotype as measured or on a latent trait of which the measured phenotype is an unreliable index. The model was applied to church attendance data from this study. The results show that the contributions of genes, vertical cultural inheritance, and genotype-environment covariance are all important, but their contributions are significantly heterogeneous over sexes. Phenotypic assortative mating has a major impact on family resemblance in church attendance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01067927
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Logistic regression analysis of twin data: Estimation of parameters of the multifactorial liability-threshold model (1994)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 24 (1994), S. 229-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Twins ; logistic regression ; liability-threshold model ; heritability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract We extend the DeFries-Fulker regression model for the analysis of quantitative twin data to cover binary traits and genetic dominance. In the proposed logistic regression model, the cotwin's trait status,C, is the response variable, while the proband's trait status,P, is a predictor variable coded ask (affected) and 0 (unaffected). Additive genetic effects are modeled by the predictor variablePR, which equalsP for monozygotic (MZ) andP/2 for dizygotic (DZ) twins; and dominant genetic effects, byPD, which equalsP for MZ andP/4 for DZ twins. By setting an appropriate scale forP (i.e., the value ofk), the regression coefficients ofP, PR, andPD are estimates of the proportions of variance in liability due to common family environment, additive genetic effects, and dominant genetic effects, respectively, for a multifactorial liability-threshold model. This model was applied to data on lifetime depression from the Virginia Twin Registry and produced results similar to those from structural equation modeling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01067190
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  • 8
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    Critical slowing down as early warning for the onset and termination of depression (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-09
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 9
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    JEPEGMIX: gene-level joint analysis of functional SNPs in cosmopolitan cohorts (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-01-10
    Description: Motivation: To increase detection power, gene level analysis methods are used to aggregate weak signals. To greatly increase computational efficiency, most methods use as input summary statistics from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Subsequently, gene statistics are constructed using linkage disequilibrium (LD) patterns from a relevant reference panel. However, all methods, including our own Joint Effect on Phenotype of eQTL/functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with a Gene (JEPEG), assume homogeneous panels, e.g. European. However, this renders these tools unsuitable for the analysis of large cosmopolitan cohorts. Results: We propose a JEPEG extension, JEPEGMIX, which similar to one of our software tools, Direct Imputation of summary STatistics of unmeasured SNPs from MIXed ethnicity cohorts, is capable of estimating accurate LD patterns for cosmopolitan cohorts. JEPEGMIX uses this accurate LD estimates to (i) impute the summary statistics at unmeasured functional variants and (ii) test for the joint effect of all measured and imputed functional variants which are associated with a gene. We illustrate the performance of our tool by analyzing the GWAS meta-analysis summary statistics from the multi-ethnic Psychiatric Genomics Consortium Schizophrenia stage 2 cohort. This practical application supports the immune system being one of the main drivers of the process leading to schizophrenia. Availability and implementation: Software, annotation database and examples are available at http://dleelab.github.io/jepegmix/ . Contact: donghyung.lee@vcuhealth.org Supplementary information: Supplementary material is available at Bioinformatics online.
    Print ISSN: 1367-4803
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2059
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 10
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    A simple yet accurate correction for winner's curse can predict signals discovered in much larger genome scans (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-02
    Description: Motivation: For genetic studies, statistically significant variants explain far less trait variance than ‘sub-threshold’ association signals. To dimension follow-up studies, researchers need to accurately estimate ‘true’ effect sizes at each SNP, e.g. the true mean of odds ratios (ORs)/regression coefficients (RRs) or Z -score noncentralities. Naïve estimates of effect sizes incur winner’s curse biases, which are reduced only by laborious winner’s curse adjustments (WCAs). Given that Z -scores estimates can be theoretically translated on other scales, we propose a simple method to compute WCA for Z -scores, i.e. their true means/noncentralities. Results: WCA of Z -scores shrinks these towards zero while, on P -value scale, multiple testing adjustment (MTA) shrinks P -values toward one, which corresponds to the zero Z -score value. Thus, WCA on Z -scores scale is a proxy for MTA on P -value scale. Therefore, to estimate Z -score noncentralities for all SNPs in genome scans, we propose F DR I nverse Q uantile T ransformation (FIQT). It (i) performs the simpler MTA of P -values using FDR and (ii) obtains noncentralities by back-transforming MTA P -values on Z -score scale. When compared to competitors, realistic simulations suggest that FIQT is more (i) accurate and (ii) computationally efficient by orders of magnitude. Practical application of FIQT to Psychiatric Genetic Consortium schizophrenia cohort predicts a non-trivial fraction of sub-threshold signals which become significant in much larger supersamples. Conclusions : FIQT is a simple, yet accurate, WCA method for Z -scores (and ORs/RRs, via simple transformations). Availability and Implementation: A 10 lines R function implementation is available at https://github.com/bacanusa/FIQT . Contact: sabacanu@vcu.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
    Print ISSN: 1367-4803
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2059
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press
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