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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 46 (2001), S. 347-385 
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Reproductive-skew theory can be broadly divided into transactional models, in which reproduction is shared among group members in return for some fitness benefit, and tug-of-war models, in which reproductive sharing arises solely from an inability of each group member to fully control the others. For small-colony social insects in which complete reproductive control by a single individual is plausible, transactional-concession models account, better than any other existing model, for observed relationships between each of the dependent variables of skew, changes in reproductive partitioning over time, group size, and within-group aggression, and each of the predictor variables of genetic relatedness, ecological constraints on solitary breeding, and benefits of group living. An extension of transactional-concession models via the "workers-as-a-collective-dominant" model potentially offers new insights into some of the most striking reproductive patterns in large-colony eusocial Hymenopteran species, from the loss of worker capacity to produce female offspring to patterns of skew and aggression in polygynous societies.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Flight energetics ; Lipids ; Carbohydrates ; Sex differences ; Mating behaviour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mayflies (Ephemeroptera) are known to have short adult life-spans. Adults are unable to feed, and they utilize reserves stored during their aquatic larval stage. Energy reserves (fat, glycogen, and free sugars) of mature larvae, subimagoes and imagoes of both sexes of Siphlonurus aestivalis Eaton were compared. All the stages of both sexes had low glycogen and free sugar contents, and the only significant change occurred during the transformation of the mature larva to subimago when almost all the reserves of free sugars were used up. Glycogen and free sugars may serve as energy sources permitting individuals to swim and fly out of the water during emergence. Fat made up most of the energy reserves of mature larvae and was the main source of energy used during the final development of both sexes. Young adult males had high fat reserves which they used as a source of energy for their swarming flights. In contrast, females did not seem to use a significant amount of fat for flight. This difference is probably related to the different mating strategies of the sexes in this species. Males perform long flights waiting for females, whereas females perform only brief flights to mate and reproduce.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Reproductive strategies ; Colony founding ; Ant ; Fat content
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In ants, there are two main processes of colony founding, the independent and the dependent modes. In the first case young queens start colony founding without the help of workers, whereas in the second case they are accompanied by workers. To determine the relation between the mode of colony founding and the physiology of queens, we collected mature gynes of 24 ant species. Mature gynes of species utilizing independent colony founding had a far higher relative fat content than gynes of species employing dependent colony founding. These fat reserves are stored during the period of maturation, i.e. between the time of emergence and mating, and serve as fuel during the time of colony founding to nurture the queen and the brood. Gynes of species founding independently but non claustrally were found to have a relative fat content intermediate between the values found for gynes founding independently and those founding dependently. This suggests that such gynes rely partially on their fat reserves and partially on the energy provided by prey they collect to nurture themselves and the first brood during the time of colony founding. Study of the fat content of mature gynes of all species has shown that it gives a good indication of the mode of colony founding.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 380 (1996), S. 208-209 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR - Widemo and Owens1 examined the amount of variation in mating success on mating arenas (leks) among male birds of the ruff Philomachus pugnox, and concluded that the skew in male mating success decreases with increasing average lek size. Such a relationship has important implications for our ...
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 379 (1996), S. 630-631 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The worker force of Pheidole pallidula is divided into two discrete morphological castes11: small-headed minor workers, who carry out most of the work (such as foraging and brood care), and large-headed major workers (soldiers), specialized for defence12. In natural colonies, soldiers make up ...
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 394 (1998), S. 573-575 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] A ‘green-beard’ gene is defined as a gene that causes a phenotypic effect (such as the presence of a green beard or any other conspicuous feature), allows the bearer of this feature to recognize it in other individuals, and causes the bearer to behave differently towards other ...
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 394 (1998), S. 121-122 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Many theoretical models have been developed to study the conditions under which unrelated individuals should cooperate or not cooperate. But such behaviour is rarely ‘all or nothing’, and new mathematical models allow the optimal level of cooperation to be determined. Acts of ...
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 372 (1994), S. 229-230 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR - Olsson et al.1 described a remarkable relationship between mating behaviour of female lizards (Lacerta agilis) and viability of their offspring. The number of sexual partners of females was positively correlated with the hatching success of eggs, negatively correlated with the proportion of ...
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 373 (1995), S. 190-191 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SEMINAL fluid is bad for you - if you are a female fruitfly. On page 241 of this issue1, Chapman et al. report that increased exposure to products of the seminal fluid of male Drosophila melanogaster, transferred during mating, decreases female lifespan. Moreover, two other papers, by Harshman and ...
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 380 (1996), S. 493-493 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THERE is something distinctly odd about social insects. They provide some of the most fascinating examples of altruistic behaviour, with a worker caste whose individuals forgo their own reproduction to aid in the reproduction of the queen, as well as many other examples of self-sacrifice, including ...
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