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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 237 (1972), S. 160-160 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] For other Precambrian shields, such as the Canadian Shield2, it has been suggested that the stable areas grew around primary nuclei. But there is evidence that the process was reversed in East Africa during the Proterozoic, especially in the Upper Proterozoic. It is now known that mobile belts (or ...
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 69 (1980), S. 757-769 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Development of pre-rift domal uplifts and volcanism in East Africa is related to mantle plume activity during two (possibly three) stable periods in the plate motion: before 80 myr, at 60-35 myr, and at 20-14 myr. Volume and composition of volcanics depend on the length of the stable period. Subalkaline basalts appeared only during long stable periods, while during short stable periods only alkaline magmas were generated. The general tendency of evolution in the pre-rift volcanic areals is from alkaline to transitional and then again to alkaline basalts. Formation of rift fractures initiates magmatism independent of mantle plume activity. Volume and composition of volcanics are controlled by opening rates. At rates less than 1 mm/year there is no volcanism, or only small volumes of ultra-alkaline basic lavas are erupted. At rates 1–10 mm/year alkaline to mildly alkaline basalts appear accompanied by large volumes of peralkaline silicics, and rates of 1–2 cm/year correlate with large volumes of transitional basalts with subordinate peralkaline silicics.
    Abstract: Résumé Le développement des soulèvements en dÔmes prériftaux et du volcanisme de l'Est Africain est rapporté à une activité du manteau durant deux (peut-Être trois) périodes stables dans le mouvement de la plaque: avant 80 M, à 60-35 m., et à 20-14 M. Le volume et la composition des volcanites dépendent de la durée de la période stable. Les basaltes subalcalins apparaissent seulement au cours de longues périodes stables, tandis que durant de courtes périodes stables seuls sont engendrés des magmas alcalins. La tendance générale de l'évolution dans les régions volcaniques pré-rift est alcaline à transitionnelle et, ensuite, de nouveau alcaline. La formation des fractures du rift marque le début du magmatisme indépendant de l'activité du manteau. Le volume et la composition des volcanies sont controlés par la vitesse d'ouverture. A des vitesses inférieures à 1 mm/an, il n'y a pas de volcanisme ou sontémises seulement de faibles quantités de volcanites. A des vitesses de 1–10 mm/an, des basaltes alcalins à moyennement alcalins apparaissent, accompagnés par de grands volumes de volcanites peralcalines, et, à des vitesses de 1–2 cm/an, correspondent de grands volumes de basaltes de transition avec des volcanites peralcalines.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Entwicklung der Präriftauswölbung und des Vulkanismus in Ostafrika ist eng verbunden mit einer Mantel-Plume-Aktivität während zwei (möglicherweise drei) stabiler Perioden in der Plattenbewegung: vor 80 Mio Jahren, zwischen 60 und 35 Mio Jahren und zwischen 20–14 Mio Jahren. Volumen und Zusammensetzung der Vulkanite hängen von der Länge der stabilen Periode ab. Subalkali-Basalte erscheinen nur während längerer stabiler Perioden, während in kürzeren stabilen Perioden nur Alkalimagmen entstehen. Die generelle Tendenz der Entwicklung der Prärift-Vulkanite verläuft von alkalisch zu einem übergangstyp und dann wieder zurück zu Alkali-Basalten. Die Bildung von Riftbrüchen bewirkt einen Magmatismus, der unabhängig von der Mantel-Plume-Aktivität abläuft. Das Volumen und die Zusammensetzung der Vulkanite wird von der öffnungsrate der Riftzone kontrolliert. Bei Raten kleiner als 1 mm pro Jahr gibt es keinen Vulkanismus, oder es werden nur kleinere Mengen ultrabsischer Laven gefördert. Bei Raten von 1–10 mm pro Jahr erscheinen Alkali- bis Mittelalkalibasalte begleitet von großen Mengen peralkalischer Magmen. Bei Raten von 1–2 cm pro Jahr erscheinen große Mengen von übergangsbasalten mit untergeordnet peralkalischen Magmen.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 67 (1978), S. 531-546 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract In the Ethiopian Precambrian three complexes are recognized. The Lower Complex formed of high grade gneisses represents older (older than 2500 m. y.) cratonic basement. The Middle Complex (clastic metasediments) is presumably the Lower to Middle Proterozoic platform cover. The Upper Complex consists of low-grade rocks in following succession: ophiolitic rocks, andesitic metavolcanics and associated metasediments, clastic and to less extent carbonate sediments. Rifting of older basement at the beginning of Upper Proterozoic created northeasterly trending zones with oceanic crust branching from the Red Sea fold belt and grading southwards (in the Mozambique belt) into the zones of continental rifting. Closing of these rift zones terminated 1000 m. y. ago and was accompanied by subduction of oceanic crust which gave rise to island arc type volcanism. Continental collision resulted in crustal thickening and produced two stages of metamorphism: metamorphism of collision (around 1000 m. y. or earlier) and metamorphism of radioactive heating (younger than 1000 or 800 m. y.). The collision was oblique, so the significant transcurrent motion occurred in the Red Sea and the Mozambique belts.
    Abstract: Résumé On peut reconnaître trois complexes dans le Précambrien de l'Ethiopie. Le complexe inférieur, formé de gneiss de degré de métamorphisme élevé, représente le socle cratonique le plus ancien (plus vieux que 2500 M.). Le complexe moyen (des métasédiments détritiques) est présumé être une couverture de plateforme du Protérozoïque inférieur à moyen. Le complexe supérieur consiste en roches peu métamorphiques se succédant comme suit: roches ophiolithiques, métavolcanites andésitiques avec sédiments associés, sédiments clastiques et en moindre proportion des sédiments carbonatés. La fracturation du vieux socle au debut du Protérozoïque supérieur créa des zones d'effondrement de direction nord-est, avec croûte océanique, branchées sur la ceinture plissé de la Mer Rouge, et passant vers le sud (dans la ceinture du Mozambique) à une zone de fracturation continentale. La fermeture de cette zone d'affaissement se termina il y a quelque 1000 M., et fut accompagnée par une subduction de la croûte océanique qui donna naissance à un volcanisme du type guirlande insulaire. La collision continentale entraîna un épaississement crustal et produisit deux phases de métamorphisme: métamorphisme de collision (environ 1000 M. ou plus tôt) et métamorphisme par réchauffement radioactif (plus récent que 1000 M. ou 800 M.). La collision se fit obliquement, produisant ainsi un mouvement transcurrent important dans les ceintures de la Mer Rouge et du Mozambique.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Präkambrium Äthiopiens lassen sich drei Einheiten unterscheiden. Die unterste Einheit, bestehend aus hochgradig metamorphen Gneisen, ist ein älterer (älter als 2,5 Mrd. Jahre) kratonischer Sockel. Der mittlere Komplex (klastische Metasedimente) stellt wahrscheinlich die altbis mittelproterozoische Plattform-Sedimentbedeckung dar. Die obere Einheit besteht aus niedrigmetamorphen Gesteinen: Ophiolithe, andesitische Metavulkanite und damit verbundene Metasedimente, sowie klastische und untergeordnet karbonatische Ablagerungen. Das Auseinanderreißen des älteren Sockels zu Beginn des Jungproterozoikums bewirkte in nordöstliche Richtung verlaufende Zonen mit ozeanischer Kruste, die vom Faltengürtel des Roten Meeres abbiegen und sich südwärts (zum Mozambique-Gürtel hin) in das kontinentale Riftsystem eingliedern. Dei Abschluß dieser Riftsysteme endete vor 1 Mrd. Jahren, begleitet von einer Subduktion ozeanischer Kruste, die mit Vulkanismus vom Typ der Inselbögen verbunden war. Die Kollision kontinentaler Platten verursachte Krustenverdickungen und erzeugte zwei Stadien der Metamorphose: Kollisions-Metamorphose (vor ca. 1 Mrd. Jahren oder früher) und Metamorphose durch radioaktive Aufheizung (jünger als 1 oder 0,8 Mrd. Jahre). Die Kollision verlief schräg, so daß die signifikanten Querbewegungen im Roten-Meerund Mozambique-Gürtel erfolgten.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 27 (1992), S. 2165-2172 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Fibrous composites are normally fabricated by inserting premade fibres into a matrix and trying to tailor mechanical or physical properties of the material by a proper choice of fibre arrangement, fibre volume fraction, structure and properties of interface, etc. As a rule, this method satisfies all the needs fairly well. But in many cases, particularly when heat-resistant composites are involved, it leads to complications which cause composite experts to refrain from being involved in technically very attractive projects. So the need for alternative methods of composite fabrication obviously exists. The process described here is an example of such an alternative. It is based on the fibres growing from the melt within the volume of the matrix. The matrix should have prefabricated continuous cylindrical channels to be filled with the melt of the fibre material. The process is described using as a model a composite with a molybdenum matrix and single crystalline sapphire fibres. It is shown that the productivity of oxide fibre fabrication based on the process described can be some orders of magnitude higher than that based on the well known Czochralsky's and Stepanov's methods. The strength of the single-crystalline sapphire fibres obtained has been studied, as well as the high-temperature creep strength of composites containing such fibres. Some of the results of these experiments are reported here.
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  • 5
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 260: 179-200.
    Publication Date: 2007-10-08
    Description: Six new reconstructions illustrate the evolution of back-arc basins in the Black Sea-Caucasus region from the Mid-Triassic to the end of the Mid-Jurassic. The c. 2000 km long Tauric (Kure) basin opened in the Late Permian-Early Triassic as the Pontides-Transcaucasus and Rhodope microcontinents rifted from the Eurasian margin. The oceanic floor of the Tauric basin in the Mid-Triassic was at least 300 km wide. In the east the basin closed near the present-day Caspian Sea and to the west of the West Crimea transform it split into two branches to the south and north of the Moesian platform. The Tauric basin was partly inverted in the Carnian, when several Gondwanian terranes (Iran, South Armenia) collided with the Palaeotethyan subduction zone. Following the initiation of a new subduction zone, the back-arc extension resumed in the Norian-Early Jurassic. Opening of the Izmir-Ankara-Sevan back-arc basin commenced south of the Pontides-Transcaucasus. Simultaneously, rifting began in the Greater Caucasus and continued until the Early Pliensbachian. This was followed by the continental break-up in the Late Pliensbachian-Toarcian. A narrow (100-150 km) strip of oceanic crust had formed by the beginning of the Aalenian. In the Late Aalenian a southward-migrating subduction zone at the southern margin of the Izmir-Ankara-Sevan basin had reached the central part of Neo-Tethys and presumably collided with a mid-oceanic ridge. Subduction was blocked and Africa-Eurasia convergence was compensated by inversion in the Tauric and Greater Caucasus basins. The basins were closed by the end of the Bathonian.
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2006-01-01
    Print ISSN: 1028-334X
    Electronic ISSN: 1531-8354
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Springer
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2011-03-01
    Print ISSN: 1028-334X
    Electronic ISSN: 1531-8354
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Springer
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2009-03-01
    Print ISSN: 1028-334X
    Electronic ISSN: 1531-8354
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Springer
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2011-12-01
    Print ISSN: 1062-3590
    Electronic ISSN: 1608-3059
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
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