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  • 1
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    Chapter 28 Basic Structures for a New Theory of Samhandling Under Risk (SUR) (2021)
    Cappelen Damm Akademisk/NOASP (Nordic Open Access Scholarly Publishing) | Interaction: 'Samhandling' Under Risk
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-02
    Description: "This final chapter aggregates experiences and findings from the other chapters of the book. The book’s overall research question is as follows: What are the basic structures of the concept of samhandling under risk and how can samhandling be created when the conditions are unpredictable? A number of SUR (Samhandling Under Risk) structures are derived based on semantic theory construction, and these are described in an overall definition and visualized in a model, which in turn can form the basis of a SUR theory. These are organized under educational, organizational and operational structures, as three superior competencies needed to facilitate effective SUR. The essence is that there is a different basis for this type of assessment than with traditional risk analysis, in order to achieve good samhandling under risk and unforeseen conditions. This is concerned with what is needed when little or nothing goes according to plan. It is then necessary to emphasize on such matters more in depth and addition address other factors to achieve SUR through samhandling where the conditions are predictable - where completed plans and clear objectives work. For the learning level, valuation of inaccurate knowledge and qualities is required to extract information from the disorder. For the organizational level, it is important to create and/or maintain shared leadership and at the operative level, improvisation is essential. When working with a SUR paradigm, one must be able to accept unclear goals, be prepared to lose control and create room for surprises. Leaders with SUR skills will be required to prepare organizations for this. Training and SUR should be incorporated into strategic plans, management training and leadership development. An expansion of established pedagogical models is also needed to achieve this aim. Invisible learning is one approach. Samhandling does not simply happen in a vacuum, and the chapter encourages further SUR research in a global perspective, where different languages and cultures can contribute to enhanced understanding of SUR issues. As a starting point for such an approach, we explore how the term is expressed in the Japanese language. A more global approach to SUR structures can contribute to a deeper understanding of what is needed, to avoid unwanted misunderstandings and crises, learn from each other and solve complex and unforeseen situations through samhandling."
    Keywords: Samhandling ; interaction ; SUR ; semantic model ; training ; strategy ; global understanding ; organizational learning ; unforeseen ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JW Warfare & defence ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JW Warfare & defence::JWK Defence strategy, planning & research::JWKW Civil defence
    Language: English
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    E-BOOK
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron microscopic study of immunoreactive LHRH perikarya with special reference to neuronal regulation (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 220 (1981), S. 511-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: LHRH neuron ; Synapse ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electronmicroscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In early postnatal rats, immunoreactive LHRH perikarya in the preoptic area were studied by light and electron microscopy. Synaptic junctions were found between the immunoreactive perikaryon or its process, and the immunonegative nerve fibers. The significance of these synapses is discussed in relation to possible mechanisms by which the activities of LHRH neurons are regulated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216754
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ontogenetic studies on the topographical heterogeneity of somatostatin-containing neurons in rat hypothalamus (1983)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 233 (1983), S. 347-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Development ; Somatostatin neuron ; Hypothalamus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ontogeny of the somatostatin-containing neuron system was investigated by light-microscopic immunohistochemistry. During development, immunoreactive somatostatin-containing neurons arise from three discrete regions of the neuroepithelium of the third ventricle and show a chronological difference. The neurons are first evident within the third ventricle floor on day 12.5 of gestation; they move thereafter to the arcuate nucleus. The second generation occurs in the dorsal region of the arcuate nucleus during days 17.5–19.5; these neurons migrate sequentially into the arcuate-ventromedial nuclear region. The third generation is recognized in the neuroepithelial cell layer of the rostral hypothalamus on day 17.5 of gestation; these cells move to the periventricular area. This latter generation is most prominent during days 3–6 after birth, and some of the cells are seen sporadically even up to day 20. The first two generations give rise to the somatostatin neuron system in the arcuate-ventromedial nuclear region, while the latter gives rise to that in the rostral periventricular region in the adult rat hypothalamus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238301
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In vivo and in vitro studies on the appearance of LHRH neurons in the hypothalamus of perinatal rats (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 194 (1978), S. 433-445 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: LHRH neuron ; Tissue culture ; Hypothalamus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ontogenetic development of LHRH-containing neurons was studied by fluorescence and enzyme immunohistochemistry in rats. In in vitro studies, the tissues of the septal-chiasmatic and mediobasal hypothalamic areas of fetal rats on day 16.5 or 18.5 of gestation were trypsinized separately for dissociation of the neural cells, and cultured for several days. Immunopositive reaction against LHRH was first detected in nerve cells derived from both areas of the hypothalamus of the fetuses on days 16.5 and 18.5 of gestation, after 8 and 6 days culture, respectively. The cells were small, and seemed to be bipolar in morphology indicating an axon and arborized dendrites. Immunopositive material occurred in the cell soma as well as in the cellular processes. In in vivo studies, immunopositive material, possibly deposited in nerve fibers, appeared first in OVLT and simultaneously in the external layer of the median eminence of fetuses on day 20.5 of gestation. The immunoreactive fibers increased in number in both parts with development, especially after birth in the median eminence. No immunopositive material was detected within any neural cell bodies nor in the cytoplasm of any ependymal cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236164
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunoreactive ACTH/β-endorphin neurons in the tubero-infundibular hypothalamus of rats (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 224 (1982), S. 303-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: ACTH/β-endorphin neurons ; Synapse ; Hypothalamus ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the preinfundibular portion of male rat hypothalamus, the arcuate-median eminence region was examined after staining with anti-porcine ACTH 1-39 serum. In several cases, anti-β-endorphin serum was also employed. Both sera stain the same cell bodies. The cell bodies of the immunoreactive neurons are scattered in the subependymal layer, arcuate nucleus and lateral tuberal region. Fibers originating from these cell bodies are distributed extensively throughout these regions. They make synaptic contacts on immunonegative fibers in the arcuate nuclei, or terminate directly in the perivascular space in the internal layer of the median eminence. The fibers, however, are very scarce in the external layer of the median eminence, and do not directly terminate on the neurovascular contact surface. These findings suggest that the ACTH/β-endorphin neuronal system may serve neuronally and humorally as an intrahypothalamic constituent of the hypothalamic pituitary regulation system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216875
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical study on the development of CRF-containing neurons in the hypothalamus of the rat (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 539-544 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: CRF-neurons ; Hypothalamus ; Development, ontogenetic ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Appearance of immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-containing neurons was studied in developing hypothalamus of the rat by use of antisera against rat- and ovine CRF. These neurons were first recognized in the lateral and paraventricular nuclei on days 15.5 and 16.5 of gestation, respectively, when antiserum against rat CRF was employed. Antiserum against ovine CRF revealed the cells two days later exclusively in the latter nucleus. In both nuclei, the neurons increased in number with development. The neurons in the paraventricular nucleus appeared to project their immunoreactive processes to the median eminence via the periventricular and lateral pathways. In the median eminence, the immunoreaction with antiserum to rat CRF was first recognized in its anterior portion in the form of dots on day 16.5 of gestation but as beaded fibers in the external layer on day 17.5; these structures increased in amount with development in rostro-caudal direction. Although antiserum to ovine CRF was less potent in immunostainability than antiserum to rat CRF, it also revealed the beaded fibers in the median eminence on day 17.5 of gestation. Since evidence is available that the paraventricular nucleus is involved in corticotropin release, it is concluded that, in rats, the hypothalamic regulatory mechanism controlling the release of corticotropin initially appears on days 16.5–17.5 of gestation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219870
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CRF-containing neurons of the rat hypothalamus (1985)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 240 (1985), S. 575-584 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: CRF neurons ; Neurosecretory neurons ; Hypothalamus ; Immunohistochemistry ; Colchicine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The immunoreactive CRF-neurons of the rat hypothalamus have been examined immunohistochemically employing anti-rat CRF serum. These neurons are confined to the paraventricular nucleus, dorsomedial-lateral hypothalamic area, and suprachiasmatic nucleus, and are, respectively, also immunoreactive to anti-Met-enk, -alpha-MSH, and -VIP sera. Intraventricular administration of colchicine (50 μg/5 μl/rat) induces a dramatic enhancement of the immunostainability of the cell somata, and also accelerates the development of immunoreactivity of other stored peptides, especially in the paraventricular nucleus. The CRF-neurons respond to adrenalectomy by showing increased immunoreactivity and an increase in the number of cell bodies; in the dorsomedial-lateral area and suprachiasmatic nucleus, there is also an enhanced immunoreactivity for alpha-MSH and VIP, respectively. CRF-cells in the paraventricular nucleus become markedly hypertrophied, but do not show any enhanced immunoreactivity for Met-enk. Since the axons of the paraventricular neurons run to the median eminence, it is probable that they are involved with the endocrine control of hypophysial ACTH release. It is concluded that the CRF-containing neurons in rat hypothalamus consist of three types which are functionally and morphologically different.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216347
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ontogenetic appearance of immunoreactive GRF-containing neurons in the rat hypothalamus (1985)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 242 (1985), S. 511-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Growth hormone-releasing hormone ; Ontogenesis ; Hypothalamus ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ontogenetic development of GRF-containing neurons in the rat hypothalamus was studied employing antisera which were generated against hpGRF (1–44)NH2 and rhGRF(1–43)OH: anti-hpGRF-C and -rhGRF sera recognize the species-specific C-terminal portions of the peptides, and anti-hpGRF-MC and -N sera recognize hpGRF(27–44)NH2 and the N-terminal portion of hpGRF(1–44)NH2, respectively. The anti-hpGRF-C and-rhGRF sera stained different neuronal cell bodies, which were localized in distinct hypothalamic areas. The former serum did not stain the axonal terminals in the median eminence, but the latter stained them strongly. The antihpGRF-MC and -N sera stained neuronal cell bodies, some of which corresponded to those immunolabelled with antihpGRF-C or -rhGRF serum. The anti-rhGRF serum first demonstrated immunoreactive perikarya in the ventral-lateral border of the arcuate nucleus of 19.5-day-old fetuses that had received an intraventricular colchicine administration 24 h previously. The immunoreactive fibers were recognized first in the external layer of the median eminence of untreated fetuses on day 19.5 of gestation, and then they increased in amount with development. No immunore-active fibers, however, were found in the median eminence of colchicine-treated animals during the fetal period. It is concluded that in rats GRF may be synthesized in the perikarya on day 18.5 of gestation and conveyed to the median eminence without delay via axonal flow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225416
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Light- and electron-microscopic evidence of costoring of immunoreactive enkephalins and substance P in dorsal horn neurons of rat (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 297-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunohistochemistry ; Neurons ; Substance P ; Enkephalin ; Spinal dorsal horn ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The topographical localization of substance P (SP) and methionine-enkephalin-octapeptide (Enk-8) was examined immunohistochemically in the surface layer of the dorsal horn of rat cervical spinal cord. Although a few neurons were immunoreactive for Enk-8 in the intact animals, after an intracisternal administration of colchicine, immunoreactive Enk-8 neurons were numerous, and half of them indicated immunoreactivity also for SP. Some immunoreactive SP neurons appeared to show no immunoreactivity for Enk-8. Immuno-reactive nerve fibers, on the other hand, were numerous, and many of them contained both peptides. Electron-microscopic examination of the nerve fibers in tissue prepared by a freeze-drying procedure and stained by a postembedding procedure, revealed the costoring of both peptides in the same cored vesicles. The physiological significance of this costoring is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222285
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  • 10
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    Immunoreactive ACTH/?-endorphin neurons in the tubero-infundibular hypothalamus of rats (1982)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1982-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0302-766X
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0878
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer
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    PAPER CURRENT
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