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Differential expression of α-amylase genes in germinating rice and barley seeds (1991)

Karrer, Erik E. ; Litts, James C. ; Rodriguez, Raymond L.

Springer

Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 797-805

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ISSN: 1573-5028

Keywords: alevrone ; embryo ; multigene family ; northern blotting ; intact germinating seeds

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Steady-state levels of mRNA from individual α-amylase genes were measured in the embryo and aleurone tissues of rice (Oryza sativa) and two varieties of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Himalaya and cv. Klages) during germination. Each member of the α-amylase multigene families of rice and barley was differentially expressed in each tissue. In rice, α-amylase genes displayed tissue-specific expression in which genes RAmy3B, RAmy3C, and RAmy3E were preferentially expressed in the aleurone layer, genes RAmy1A, RAmy1B and RAmy3D were expressed in both the embryo and aleurone, and genes RAmy3A and RAmy2A were not expressed in either tissue. Whenver two or more genes were expressed in any tissue, the rate of mRNA accumulation from each gene was unique. In contrast to rice, barley α-amylase gene expression was not tissue-specific. Messenger RNAs encoding low- and high-pI α-amylase isozymes were detectable in both the embryo and aleurone and accumulated at different rates in each tissue. In particular, peak levels of mRNA encoding high-pI α-amylases always preceded those encoding low-pI α-amylases. Two distinct differences in α-amylase gene expression were observed between the two barley varieties. levels of high-pI α-amylase mRNA peaked two days earlier in Klages embryos than in Himalaya embryos. Throughout six days of germination, Klages produced three times as much high-pI α-amylase mRNA and nearly four times as much low-pI α-amylase mRNA than the slower-germinating Himalaya variety.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015072

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Cloning of tobacco genes that elicit the hypersensitive response (1998)

Karrer, Erik E. ; Beachy, Roger N. ; Holt, Curtis A.

Springer

Plant molecular biology 36 (1998), S. 681-690

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ISSN: 1573-5028

Keywords: co-suppression ; Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitor ; plant defense response ; PR protein ; signal transduction ; ubiquitin

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract We used a functional screening method to isolate genes whose products elicit the hypersensitive response (HR) pathway of defense against plant pathogens. A cDNA library derived from tobacco leaves undergoing the HR was cloned into a tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-based expression vector. Infectious transcripts were generated and used to inoculate tobacco plants lacking the N resistance gene (genotype Xanthi nn). Approximately 1/1000 of the infectious transcripts produced local lesions, and may thus elicit the HR. The cDNA inserts from 50 lesion-forming clones were recovered by RT-PCR, and 12 unique clones were sequenced. Comparisons with protein databases revealed homologies to (a) ubiquitin, (b) tobacco tumor-related protein, similar to Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitors and (c) ribosomal protein S14. The remaining nine clones revealed no homology to known proteins and are thus considered novel. Five clones were able to induce the expression of PR2, a gene which is specifically activated in the tobacco HR. Northern and western blot analyses of leaves infected by the clone encoding ubiquitin strongly suggest that the infection produced a co-suppression response; the endogenous levels of ubiquitin mRNA and protein in infected leaves are ca. 50% less than those found in healthy leaves. This observation supports a previous report on the involvement of the ubiquitin system in the tobacco HR [2], and validates the utility of the functional cloning method.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005949304445

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Correlation between α-amylase gene expression and seedling vigor in rice (1992)

Karrer, Erik E. ; Chandler, John M. ; Foolad, Majid R. ; [et al.]

Springer

Euphytica 66 (1992), S. 163-169

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ISSN: 1573-5060

Keywords: α-amylase enzyme activity ; α-amylase mRNA levels ; cold temperature ; differential gene expression ; Oryza sativa ; rice

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Summary This report examines the relationship between seedling vigor, α-amylase enzyme activity and α-amylase mRNA accumulation in ten varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown at two temperatures (15°C and 30°C). A significant, positive correlation was observed between seedling vigor, α-amylase enzyme activity, and the accumulation of mRNA from one rice α-amylase gene (RAmy1A) at both temperature regimens. The results of this study support previous experiments which have correlated α-amylase enzyme activity to seedling vigor. We have extended this correlation to the expression of one of ten genes that comprise the rice α-amylase multigene family. These results suggest that the expression of α-amylase gene RAmy1A is an important, and possibly rate-limiting factor in determining seedling vigor in rice.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025299

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