Publication Date:
2011-02-01
Description:
In-situ synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction studies of K-, Rb-, and Cs-exchanged natrolites between room temperature and 425 {degrees}C revealed that the dehydrated phases with collapsed frameworks start to form at 175, 150, and 100 {degrees}C, respectively. The degree of the framework collapse indicated by the unit-cell volume contraction depends on the size of the non-framework cation: K-exchanged natrolite undergoes an 18.8% unit-cell volume contraction when dehydrated at 175 {degrees}C, whereas Rb- and Cs-exchanged natrolites show unit-cell volume contractions of 18.5 and 15.2% at 150 and 100 {degrees}C, respectively. In the hydrated phases, the dehydration-induced unit-cell volume reduction diminishes as the cation size increases and reveals increasingly a negative slope as smaller cations are substituted into the pores of the natrolite structure. The thermal expansion of the unit-cell volumes of the dehydrated K-, Rb-, and Cs-phases have positive thermal expansion coefficients of 8.80 x 10-5 K-1, 1.03 x 10-4 K-1, and 5.06 x 10-5 K-1, respectively. Rietveld structure refinements of the dehydrated phases at 400 {degrees}C reveal that the framework collapses are due to an increase of the chain rotation angles, {psi}, which narrow the channels to a more elliptical shape. Compared to their respective hydrated structures at ambient conditions, the dehydrated K-exchanged natrolite at 400 {degrees}C shows a 2.2-fold increase in {psi}, whereas the dehydrated Rb- and Cs-natrolites at 400 {degrees}C reveal increases of {psi} by ca. 3.7 and 7.3 times, respectively. The elliptical channel openings of the dehydrated K-, Rb-, to Cs-phases become larger as the cation size increases. The disordered non-framework cations in the hydrated K-, Rb-, and Cs-natrolite order during dehydration and the subsequent framework collapse. The dehydrated phases of Rb- and Cs-natrolite can be stabilized at ambient conditions.
Print ISSN:
0003-004X
Electronic ISSN:
1945-3027
Topics:
Geosciences
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