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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 203 (1964), S. 511-511 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Fig. 1. Correlation between classifications and ages of chondrites. Dark shading, L-group chondrites; light shading, H-group chondrites I thank Drs. H. E. Suess, H. C. Urey and R. Bieri for their ...
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 207 (1965), S. 745-745 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Fig. 1. Several crystals of sinoite (centre, light grey) from the Pillistfer enstatite chondrite. Grey main mass is enstatite, white is metallic nickel-iron. Reflected light Fig. 2. Electron beam scanning pictures of sinoite, Si^O. These pictures are obtained by scanning a microscopically selected ...
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 65 (1978), S. 231-238 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract Analyses of 13 samples of Martian surface materials with the Viking X-ray fluorescence spectrometers show SiO2 similar to that of terrestrial mafic rocks, whereas Fe2O3, Cl, and S are higher and Al2O3, K2O, Rb, Sr, Y, and Zr are lower. Low totals suggest presence of CO2, H2O, and Na2O. Duricrust fragments are higher in S than fines, but samples from both landing sites are surprisingly similar. We suggest that Martian surface materials are aeolian deposits of complex mixtures of weathering products of maficultramafic rocks, possibly consisting of iron-rich clays, sulfates, iron oxides, carbonates, and chlorides.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 291 (1981), S. 544-546 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Aggregates consisting largely of submicrometre graphite and magnetite crystals have been identified in 14 unequilibrated and regolith breccia, ordinary chondrites. Like other primitive components, they formed before the meteorites accreted. Chondrite clasts rich in graphite–magnetite occur in ...
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 25 (1970), S. 297-340 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Silicate inclusions in 17 iron meteorites have been analyzed by the electron microprobe and classified, according to their phase assemblages, compositions, and textures, into three major types: Odessa, Copiapo, and Weekeroo Station, and three miscellaneous types: Enon, Kendall County, and Netschaëvo. Phase compositions in both Odessa- and Copiapo-type inclusions are very similar, but the two types are different in texture and constituent phases. Weekeroo Station-type inclusions are very different in every respect from other inclusions. For Odessa- and Copiapo-type inclusions, the distribution coefficients of Fe2+ and Mg in coexisting orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene indicate equilibration temperatures of ∼1,000° C, and the Ca/(Ca+Mg) ratios indicate temperatures of 900° C to 1,000° C. Equilibration temperatures determined for chromite-olivine pairs have a higher range of 1,154° C to 1,335° C. Minor element distributions among coexisting ferromagnesian silicates in these inclusions follow consistent patterns and are constant for any given sample, suggesting equilibrium assemblages. Major and minor element distributions for Weekeroo Station inclusions are anomalous, indicating nonequilibrium. Compositional data, the fragmentary shapes of many inclusions, the highly differentiated characteristic of two types of inclusions, the apparent disequilibrium between kamacite in inclusions and kamacite of the iron host, and the relict chondrules found in Netschaëvo suggest that many of the inclusions did not form cogenetically with the iron host, but represent pre-existing stony material that was taken up by an iron melt, probably not in the core of the parent body (or bodies).
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 31 (1971), S. 267-274 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Small gabbroic dikes of high TiO2 content transect massive hawaiite in the Kaena Quarry, Waianae Range, Oahu. One dike studied consists of two rock types: (a) border zone alkali gabbro of high titanomagnetite and titanaugite content and, (b) interior mugearite that contains iron-rich pyroxenes and K-feldspar. The dike probably formed as an in situ latestage segregation enriched in TiO2, SiO2, and alkalis.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 32 (1971), S. 211-230 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Approximately 100 glasses and 52 lithic fragments from Apollo 11 lunar fines and microbreccias were analyzed with the electron microprobe. Ranges in bulk composition of lithic fragments are considerably outside the precision (〈±1%) and accuracy (±2–5%) of the broad electron beam technique. Results of this study may be summarized as follows: i) A large variety of rock types different from the hand specimens (basalt) were found among the lithic fragments, namely anorthosites, troctolitic and noritic anorthosites, troctolites, and norites (different from Apollo 12 norites). ii) In analogy to the hand specimens, the basaltic lithic fragments may be subdivided into low-K and high-K groups, both of which extend considerably in composition beyond the hand specimens. iii) Glasses were divided into 6 groups: Group 1 are the compositional analogs of the anorthositic-troctolitic lithic fragments and were apparently formed in single-stage impact events directly from parent anorthosites and troctolites. iv) Group 2 glasses are identical in composition to Apollo 12 KREEP glass and noritic lithic fragments, but have no counterparts in our Apollo 11 lithic fragment suite. Occurrence of KREEP in Apollo 11,12, and 14 samples is indicative of its relatively high abundance and suggests that the lunar crust is less depleted in elements that are common in KREEP (e.g. K, rare earths, P) than was originally thought on the basis of Apollo 11 basalt studies. v) Group 3 glasses are the compositional analogs of the basaltic lithic fragments, but low-K and high-K glasses cannot be distinguished because of loss of K (and Na, P) by volatilization in the vitrification process. vi) Group 4 glasses have no compositional analogs among the lithic fragments and were probably derived from as yet unknown Fe-rich, moderately Ti-rich, Mg-poor basalts. vii) Group 5 (low Ti-high Mg peridotite equivalent) and 6 (ilmenite peridotite equivalent) glasses have no counterparts among the Apollo 11 lithic fragments, but rock equivalents to group 5 glasses were found in Apollo 12 samples. Group 6 glasses are abundant, have narrow compositional ranges, and are thought to be the products of impact melting of an as yet unrecognized ultramafic rock type. iix) The great variety of igneous rocks (e.g. anorthosites, troctolites, norites, basalts, peridotites) suggests that large scale melting or partial melting to considerable depth must have occurred on the moon.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 40 (1973), S. 183-194 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Detailed examination of rhyodacite from a new locality on Kauaopuu Ridge, Oahu, Hawaii (the second occurrence of rhyodacite in the Hawaiian volcanic province) yields the following results and conclusions: i) Bulk composition, mineral content, texture, and geographic location indicate that the newly found rhyodacite is part of the Mauna Kuwale rhyodacite flow described by Macdonald (1940); ii) Mineral phases include plagioclase (An53−23), biotite, orthopyroxene, Ti-rich hornblende, titaniferous magnetite, and ilmenite; iii) Groundmass glass, about 75% by volume, is similar in bulk composition to oceanic rhyolite such as that of Easter Island and Iceland; iv) Similarity in composition between rhyodacite groundmass glass, described here, and bulk composition of oceanic rhyolite from Easter Island and Iceland, suggests that the latter could conceivably have formed by crystal fractionation of a rhyodacitic magma.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 37 (1972), S. 253-275 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Feldspar phenocrysts, microphenocrysts, groundmass feldspar, interstitial material of feldspar composition, and residual SiO2-K2O-rich glass in 24 rocks of the tholeiitic, alkalic, and nephelinic suites from Haleakala and West Maui volcanoes, Maui, Hawaii, were analyzed quantitatively with the electron microprobe. Rocks studied include tholeiite, olivine tholeiite, oceanite, alkalic olivine basalt, alkalic basalt, hawaiite, mugearite, trachyte, basanite, and basanitoid. Results and conclusions: i) In all rocks studied, An decreases and Or increases from phenocrysts to microphenocrysts to groundmass feldspar to interstitial material of feldspar composition. ii) Phenocrysts occur in rocks of the tholeiitic and alkalic suites and, in spite of differences in bulk rock compositions, overlap in composition. iii) Groundmass feldspar in rocks of the tholeiitic suite are nearly identical in composition; the same is true for rocks of the nephelinic suite. However, in the highly differentiated alkalic suite, groundmass feldspar composition ranges from labradorite to sanidine; i.e. the higher the bulk rock CaO, the higher is the An content, and the higher the bulk K2O, the higher is the Or content. iv) In general, rocks with phenocrysts have groundmass feldspar less An-rich than those without phenocrysts. v) In rocks of the tholeiitic suite, normative feldspar approaches modal feldspar. However, in rocks of the alkalic and nephelinic suites, normative feldspar, because of the presence of highly alkalic interstitial material and the absence of nepheline in the mode but its presence in the norm, is drastically different from modal feldspar. vi) Hawaiites contain labradorite and not andesine, as per definition, and mugearite contains andesine and not oligoclase, as groundmass feldspar. In fact, when considering phenocrysts and interstitial material of feldspar composition, hawaiites range from bytownite to sanidine and mugearite from andesine to sodic sanidine, but normative feldspar plots in the andesine field for hawaiites and the oligoclase field for mugearite. vii) Rocks of the three suites can be distinguished on the basis of Or and An in groundmass feldspar, the presence of thin rims of groundmass composition of phenocrysts of rocks of the alkalic suite, and the presence of interstitial material of anorthoclase to sanidine composition in rocks of the alkalic and nephelinic suites. iix) Rocks transitional between the tholeiitic and alkalic suites are observed and are characterized by transitional mineral compositions.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 50 (1975), S. 173-195 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Phenocryst and groundmass pyroxenes in 24 rocks of the tholeiitic, alkalic, and nephelinic suites from Haleakala and West Maui volcanoes, Maui, Hawaii, were analyzed quantitatively by electron microprobe. Results and conclusions: i) Tholeiites contain augite, pigeonite, and bronzite; alkalic rocks contain salite, augite, and ferroaugite; and nephelinic rocks have salite, sometimes of Wo〉50 mole %. ii) The three suites can be distinguished by Ca contents of pyroxenes: High-Ca pyroxenes of tholeiitic rocks have Wo30–40; those of alkalic rocks have Wo38–48; and those of the nephelinic rocks have Wo47–51; i.e. Wo in clinopyroxene increases from tholeiitic, to alkalic, to nephelinic suites, iii). In the alkalic suite, rock types can be distinguished on the basis of clinopyroxene composition: Alkalic olivine and alkalic basalts have Wo38–45, hawaiites and mugearites have Wo45–48. Trachytes can be distinguished from both groups by higher Fe (Fs22–30) and Ca contents (Wo43–47). iv) Pyroxenes in tholeiitic rocks show higher intrarock variability (e.g. Fs12Wo40-Fs37Wo30) than those of the alkalic and nephelinic suites, v) Na2O bulk-rock content affects Na2O content of the precipitating high-Ca pyroxene; e.g. Na2O in groundmass pyroxene increases from tholeiitic, to alkalic (mafic members only), to nephelinic suites; a similar relationship is present within the differentiated alkalic suite, vi) In tholeiites, changes in groundmass high-Ca pyroxene compositions are related to changes in bulk rock compositions, e.g. FeO/FeO+MgO+CaO in clinopyroxene increases as this ratio increases in the bulk rock; this is not true for alkalic and nephelinic rocks, vii) In groundmass high-Ca pyroxene, Al2O3, Na20, and TiO2 contents increase and MnO content decreases with increasing Wo content from tholeiitic, to alkalic (mafic members only), to nephelinic suites, viii) Groundmass high-Ca pyroxenes are richer in MnO and Na2O and poorer in Cr2O3 compared to coexisting phenocrysts. High-Ca pyroxene phenocrysts in nephelinic rocks and in one mugearite are depleted in SiO2 and enriched in Al2O3 relative to coexisting groundmass clinopyroxene, indicating increased SiO2 activity during crystallization. Some tholeiites show the reverse; this Si—Al relationship is not clear in other samples.
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