Publication Date:
2010-01-08
Description:
Retroviruses are the only group of viruses known to have left a fossil record, in the form of endogenous proviruses, and approximately 8% of the human genome is made up of these elements. Although many other viruses, including non-retroviral RNA viruses, are known to generate DNA forms of their own genomes during replication, none has been found as DNA in the germline of animals. Bornaviruses, a genus of non-segmented, negative-sense RNA virus, are unique among RNA viruses in that they establish persistent infection in the cell nucleus. Here we show that elements homologous to the nucleoprotein (N) gene of bornavirus exist in the genomes of several mammalian species, including humans, non-human primates, rodents and elephants. These sequences have been designated endogenous Borna-like N (EBLN) elements. Some of the primate EBLNs contain an intact open reading frame (ORF) and are expressed as mRNA. Phylogenetic analyses showed that EBLNs seem to have been generated by different insertional events in each specific animal family. Furthermore, the EBLN of a ground squirrel was formed by a recent integration event, whereas those in primates must have been formed more than 40 million years ago. We also show that the N mRNA of a current mammalian bornavirus, Borna disease virus (BDV), can form EBLN-like elements in the genomes of persistently infected cultured cells. Our results provide the first evidence for endogenization of non-retroviral virus-derived elements in mammalian genomes and give novel insights not only into generation of endogenous elements, but also into a role of bornavirus as a source of genetic novelty in its host.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2818285/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉 〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2818285/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Horie, Masayuki -- Honda, Tomoyuki -- Suzuki, Yoshiyuki -- Kobayashi, Yuki -- Daito, Takuji -- Oshida, Tatsuo -- Ikuta, Kazuyoshi -- Jern, Patric -- Gojobori, Takashi -- Coffin, John M -- Tomonaga, Keizo -- R37 CA 089441/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R37 CA089441/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R37 CA089441-09/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jan 7;463(7277):84-7. doi: 10.1038/nature08695.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (BIKEN), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20054395" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
Keywords:
Amino Acid Sequence
;
Animals
;
Borna disease virus/genetics/physiology
;
Bornaviridae/*genetics/physiology
;
Cell Line
;
Conserved Sequence/genetics
;
Evolution, Molecular
;
Genes, Viral/*genetics
;
Genome/*genetics
;
Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics
;
Humans
;
Mammals/*genetics/*virology
;
Models, Genetic
;
Molecular Sequence Data
;
Open Reading Frames/genetics
;
Phylogeny
;
Reverse Transcription
;
Time Factors
;
Virus Integration/*genetics
Print ISSN:
0028-0836
Electronic ISSN:
1476-4687
Topics:
Biology
,
Chemistry and Pharmacology
,
Medicine
,
Natural Sciences in General
,
Physics
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