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  • 1
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    Reducing uncertainty in nitrogen budgets for African livestock systems (2014)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-14
    Description: Livestock is poorly represented in N budgets for the African continent although some studies have examined livestock-related N flows at different levels. Livestock plays an important role in N cycling and therefore on N budgets including livestock-related flows. This study reviews the literature on N budgets for Africa to identify factors contributing to uncertainties. Livestock densities are usually modelled because of the lack of observational spatial data. Even though feed availability and quality varies across seasons, most studies use constant livestock excretion rates, and excreta are usually assumed to be uniformly distributed onto the land. Major uncertainties originate in the fraction of manure managed, and emission factors which may not reflect the situation of Africa. N budgets use coarse assumptions on production, availability, and use of crop residues as livestock feed. No flows between croplands–livestock and rangelands reflect the lack of data. Joint efforts are ne...
    Print ISSN: 1748-9318
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-9326
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Institute of Physics (IOP)
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  • 2
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    Bioenergy: Biofuel production on the margins (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2013-01-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus -- Kiese, Ralf -- England -- Nature. 2013 Jan 24;493(7433):483-5. doi: 10.1038/nature11853. Epub 2013 Jan 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23334412" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture/*methods ; Biofuels/*supply & distribution ; Renewable Energy/*statistics & numerical data
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 3
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    Grazing-induced reduction of natural nitrous oxide release from continental steppe (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2010-04-09
    Description: Atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N(2)O) have increased significantly since pre-industrial times owing to anthropogenic perturbation of the global nitrogen cycle, with animal production being one of the main contributors. Grasslands cover about 20 per cent of the temperate land surface of the Earth and are widely used as pasture. It has been suggested that high animal stocking rates and the resulting elevated nitrogen input increase N(2)O emissions. Internationally agreed methods to upscale the effect of increased livestock numbers on N(2)O emissions are based directly on per capita nitrogen inputs. However, measurements of grassland N(2)O fluxes are often performed over short time periods, with low time resolution and mostly during the growing season. In consequence, our understanding of the daily and seasonal dynamics of grassland N(2)O fluxes remains limited. Here we report year-round N(2)O flux measurements with high and low temporal resolution at ten steppe grassland sites in Inner Mongolia, China. We show that short-lived pulses of N(2)O emission during spring thaw dominate the annual N(2)O budget at our study sites. The N(2)O emission pulses are highest in ungrazed steppe and decrease with increasing stocking rate, suggesting that grazing decreases rather than increases N(2)O emissions. Our results show that the stimulatory effect of higher stocking rates on nitrogen cycling and, hence, on N(2)O emission is more than offset by the effects of a parallel reduction in microbial biomass, inorganic nitrogen production and wintertime water retention. By neglecting these freeze-thaw interactions, existing approaches may have systematically overestimated N(2)O emissions over the last century for semi-arid, cool temperate grasslands by up to 72 per cent.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wolf, Benjamin -- Zheng, Xunhua -- Bruggemann, Nicolas -- Chen, Weiwei -- Dannenmann, Michael -- Han, Xingguo -- Sutton, Mark A -- Wu, Honghui -- Yao, Zhisheng -- Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus -- England -- Nature. 2010 Apr 8;464(7290):881-4. doi: 10.1038/nature08931.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kreuzeckbahnstrasse 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20376147" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Husbandry/methods/statistics & numerical data ; Animals ; Animals, Domestic/*metabolism ; Atmosphere/chemistry ; Biomass ; China ; Desert Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Freezing ; Greenhouse Effect ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Nitrous Oxide/*analysis/*metabolism ; Plants/metabolism ; Poaceae/metabolism ; Seasons ; Snow ; Soil/analysis ; *Soil Microbiology ; Water/analysis/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 4
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    Accuracy and precision of photoacoustic spectroscopy not guaranteed (2013)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2013-07-20
    Description: Because of their accuracy and precision for measuring gas concentrations, gas chromatographs (GC) are standard analytical instruments used in investigations of nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) exchange between the soil and the atmosphere. Iqbal et al. (2012) indicate that photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) performs similar to GCs for this purpose. We welcome this addition to the literature, given the increasing number of studies using PAS (e.g., Predotova et al. 2009; Leytem et al. 2011) and the few comparative analyses available (Ambus & Robertson 1998; Yamulki & Jarvis 1999). However, poor performance of PAS in some assessments (Akdeniz et al ., 2009) and data from our own tests (reported below) raise questions about whether Iqbal et al.'s (2012) results are generally applicable to PAS instruments or unique to the experimental conditions and calibration of their instruments. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 1354-1013
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2486
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Published by Wiley
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  • 5
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    Cold season soil NO fluxes from a temperate forest: drivers and contribution to annual budgets (2016)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
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    Publication Date: 2016-11-09
    Description: Soils, and here specifically acidic forest soils exposed to high rates of atmospheric nitrogen deposition, are a significant source for the secondary greenhouse gas nitric oxide (NO). However, as flux estimates are mainly based on measurements during the vegetation period, annual NO emissions budgets may hold uncertainty as cold season soil NO fluxes have rarely been quantified. Here we analyzed cold season soil NO fluxes and potential environmental drivers on the basis of the most extensive database on forest soil NO fluxes obtained at the Höglwald Forest, Germany, spanning the years 1994 to 2010. On average, the cold season (daily average air temperature
    Print ISSN: 1748-9318
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-9326
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Institute of Physics (IOP)
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  • 6
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    Groundwater recharge rates and surface runoff response to land use and land cover changes in semi-arid environments (2016)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2016-10-21
    Description: The effects of land use and land cover (LULC) on groundwater recharge and surface runoff and how these are affected by LULC changes are of interest for sustainable water resources management. However, there is...
    Electronic ISSN: 2192-1709
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Springer
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  • 7
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    Land use, not stream order, controls N2O concentration and flux in the upper Mara River basin, Kenya (2019)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Anthropogenic activities have led to increases in nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from river systems, but there are large uncertainties in estimates due to lack of data in tropical rivers and rapid increase in human activity. We assessed the effects of land use and river size on N2O flux and concentration in 46 stream sites in the Mara River, Kenya during the transition from the wet (short rains) to dry season, Nov. 2017 – Jan. 2018. Flux estimates were similar to other studies in tropical and temperate systems, but in contrast to other studies, land‐use was more related to N2O concentration and flux than stream size. Agricultural stream sites had the highest fluxes (26.38 ± 5.37 N2O‐N μg m‐2 h‐1) compared to both forest and livestock sites (5.66 ± 1.38 N2O‐N μg m‐2h‐1 and 6.95 ± 2.96 N2O‐N μg m‐2h‐1, respectively). N2O concentrations in forest and agriculture streams were positively correlated to stream carbon dioxide (CO2‐C(aq)) but showed a negative correlation with dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and the DOC:DIN ratio. N2O concentration in the livestock sites had a negative relationship with CO2‐C(aq) and a higher number of negative fluxes. We concluded that in‐stream chemoautotrophic nitrification was likely the main biogeochemical process driving N2O production in agricultural and forest streams, whereas complete denitrification led to the consumption of N2O in the livestock stream sites. These results point to the need to better understand the relative importance of nitrification and denitrification in different habitats in producing N2O and for process‐based studies.
    Print ISSN: 2169-8953
    Electronic ISSN: 2169-8961
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 8
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    Greenhouse gas fluxes over managed grasslands in Central Europe (2018)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-06
    Description: Central European grasslands are characterized by a wide range of different management practices in close geographical proximity. Site-specific management strategies strongly affect the biosphere-atmosphere exchange of the three greenhouse gases (GHG) carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and methane (CH 4 ). The evaluation of environmental impacts at site level is challenging, because most in-situ measurements focus on the quantification of CO 2 exchange, while long-term N 2 O and CH 4 flux measurements at ecosystem scale remain scarce. Here, we synthesized ecosystem CO 2 , N 2 O and CH 4 fluxes from 14 managed grassland sites, quantified by eddy covariance or chamber techniques. We found that grasslands were on average a CO 2 sink (-1783 to -91 g CO 2 m −2 yr −1 ), but a N 2 O source (18 – 638 g CO 2 -eq. m −2 yr −1 ), and either a CH 4 sink or source (-9 to 488 g CO 2 -eq. m −2 yr −1 ). The net GHG balance (NGB) of nine sites where measurements of all three GHGs were available was found between -2761 and -58 g CO 2 -eq. m −2 yr −1 , with N 2 O and CH 4 emissions offsetting concurrent CO 2 uptake by on average 21 ± 6% across sites. The only positive NGB was found for one site during a restoration year with ploughing. The predictive power of soil parameters for N 2 O and CH 4 fluxes was generally low and varied considerably within years. However, after site-specific data normalization we identified environmental conditions that indicated enhanced GHG source/sink activity (‘sweet spots’) and gave a good prediction of normalized overall fluxes across sites. The application of animal slurry to grasslands increased N 2 O and CH 4 emissions. The N 2 O-N emission factor across sites was 1.8 ± 0.5%, but varied considerably at site level among the years (0.1 – 8.6%). Although grassland management lead to increased N 2 O and CH 4 emissions, the CO 2 sink strength was generally the most dominant component of the annual GHG budget. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 1354-1013
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2486
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Published by Wiley
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  • 9
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    Spatial variability of soil N2O and CO2 fluxes in different topographic positions in a tropical montane forest in Kenya. (2017)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2017-02-28
    Description: Quantifying and understanding the small-scale variability of nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emission is essential for reporting accurate ecosystem greenhouse gas budgets. The objective of this study was to evaluate the spatial pattern of soil CO 2 and N 2 O emissions and their relation to topography in a tropical montane forest. We measured fluxes of N 2 O and CO 2 from 810 sampling locations across valley bottom, mid-slope and ridge top positions under controlled laboratory conditions. We further calculated the minimum number of samples necessary to provide best estimates of soil N 2 O and CO 2 fluxes at the plot level. Topography exhibited a major influence on N 2 O emissions, with soils at mid-slope position emitting significantly less than at ridge tops and valley bottoms, but no consistent effect of topography on soil CO 2 emissions was found. The high spatial variation of N 2 O and CO 2 fluxes was further increased by changes in vegetation and soil properties resulting from human disturbance associated with charcoal production. Soil N 2 O and CO 2 fluxes showed no spatial pattern at the plot level, with “hot spots” strongly contributing to the total emissions (10 % of the soil cores represented 73 and 50 % of the total N 2 O and CO 2 emissions, respectively). Thus, a large number of samples are needed to obtain robust estimates of N 2 O and CO 2 fluxes. Our results highlight the complex biogeochemical cycling in tropical montane forests, and the need to carefully address it in research experiments to robustly estimate soil CO 2 and N 2 O fluxes at the ecosystem scale.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 10
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    Land-use, land-use history and soil type affect soil greenhouse gas fluxes from agricultural landscapes of the East African highlands (2018)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: This study aims to explain effects of soil textural class, topography, land-use and land-use history on soil GHG fluxes in the Lake Victoria region. We measured GHG fluxes from intact soil cores collected in Rakai, Uganda, an area characterized by low-input smallholder (〈2 ha) farming systems, typical for the East African highlands. The soil cores were air dried and re-wetted to water holding capacities (WHC) of 30, 55 and 80%. Soil CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O fluxes were measured for 48 hours following re-wetting. Cumulative N 2 O fluxes were highest from soils under perennial crops and the lowest from soils under annual crops ( P 〈 0.001 for all WHC). At WHC of 55% or 80%, the sandy clay loam soils had lower N 2 O fluxes than the clay soils ( P 〈 0.001 and P = 0.041 respectively). Cumulative soil CO 2 fluxes were highest from eucalyptus plantations and lowest from annual crops across multiple WHC ( P = 0.014 at 30% WHC and P 〈 0.001 at both 55 and 80% WHC). Methane fluxes were below detectable limits, a shortcoming for using soil cores from the top soil. This study reveals that land-use and soil type have strong effects on GHG fluxes from agricultural land in the study area. Field monitoring of fluxes is needed to confirm whether these findings are consistent with what happens in situ .
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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