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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2011-07-15
    Description: Although immune mechanisms can suppress tumour growth, tumours establish potent, overlapping mechanisms that mediate immune evasion. Emerging evidence suggests a link between angiogenesis and the tolerance of tumours to immune mechanisms. Hypoxia, a condition that is known to drive angiogenesis in tumours, results in the release of damage-associated pattern molecules, which can trigger the rejection of tumours by the immune system. Thus, the counter-activation of tolerance mechanisms at the site of tumour hypoxia would be a crucial condition for maintaining the immunological escape of tumours. However, a direct link between tumour hypoxia and tolerance through the recruitment of regulatory cells has not been established. We proposed that tumour hypoxia induces the expression of chemotactic factors that promote tolerance. Here we show that tumour hypoxia promotes the recruitment of regulatory T (T(reg)) cells through induction of expression of the chemokine CC-chemokine ligand 28 (CCL28), which, in turn, promotes tumour tolerance and angiogenesis. Thus, peripheral immune tolerance and angiogenesis programs are closely connected and cooperate to sustain tumour growth.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Facciabene, Andrea -- Peng, Xiaohui -- Hagemann, Ian S -- Balint, Klara -- Barchetti, Andrea -- Wang, Li-Ping -- Gimotty, Phyllis A -- Gilks, C Blake -- Lal, Priti -- Zhang, Lin -- Coukos, George -- P01-CA83638/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01-CA116779/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2011 Jul 13;475(7355):226-30. doi: 10.1038/nature10169.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21753853" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Cell Hypoxia/genetics ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Chemokines, CC/genetics/*metabolism ; Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology ; Disease Progression ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Humans ; Immune Tolerance/*immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; *Neovascularization, Pathologic ; Ovarian Neoplasms/*blood supply/immunology/*metabolism/pathology ; Receptors, CCR10/metabolism ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects/*immunology/metabolism ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism/secretion
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2010-12-21
    Description: Spatial asymmetries in neural connectivity have an important role in creating basic building blocks of neuronal processing. A key circuit module of directionally selective (DS) retinal ganglion cells is a spatially asymmetric inhibitory input from starburst amacrine cells. It is not known how and when this circuit asymmetry is established during development. Here we photostimulate mouse starburst cells targeted with channelrhodopsin-2 (refs 6-8) while recording from a single genetically labelled type of DS cell. We follow the spatial distribution of synaptic strengths between starburst and DS cells during early postnatal development before these neurons can respond to a physiological light stimulus, and confirm connectivity by monosynaptically restricted trans-synaptic rabies viral tracing. We show that asymmetry develops rapidly over a 2-day period through an intermediate state in which random or symmetric synaptic connections have been established. The development of asymmetry involves the spatially selective reorganization of inhibitory synaptic inputs. Intriguingly, the spatial distribution of excitatory synaptic inputs from starburst cells is significantly more symmetric than that of the inhibitory inputs at the end of this developmental period. Our work demonstrates a rapid developmental switch from a symmetric to asymmetric input distribution for inhibition in the neural circuit of a principal cell.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yonehara, Keisuke -- Balint, Kamill -- Noda, Masaharu -- Nagel, Georg -- Bamberg, Ernst -- Roska, Botond -- England -- Nature. 2011 Jan 20;469(7330):407-10. doi: 10.1038/nature09711. Epub 2010 Dec 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Neural Circuit Laboratories, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21170022" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials/physiology ; Amacrine Cells/metabolism/physiology/radiation effects ; Animals ; Female ; Light ; Male ; Mice ; *Models, Neurological ; *Motion ; Motion Perception/*physiology ; Neural Inhibition/*physiology ; Neural Pathways/*physiology ; Neuroanatomical Tract-Tracing Techniques ; Photic Stimulation ; Rabies virus/genetics/isolation & purification/physiology ; Retina/cytology/growth & development/*physiology ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/physiology ; Rhodopsin/genetics/metabolism ; Synapses/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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