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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 11 (1964), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. South of latitude 32°, where adequate samples were taken, both Sceloporus undulatus and Anolis carolinensis were infected with Plasmodium fioridense Thompson and Huff, but with varying frequency. Data resulting from general surveys made in two coastal islands, Jekyll and Sapelo, and from 11 counties in south and southwest Georgia showed 62 of 1,325 or 4.7% of Sceloporus and 106 of 846 or 13% of Anolis to be positive for P. fioridense. The Fargo-Okefenokee Swamp Area, including Echols and Clinch Counties, was designated as a special study area during the period of 1959–1963, during which time monthly collections of lizards and mosquitoes were made for transmission experiments. In this area, 104 of 2,232 or 4.7% of Sceloporus and 510 of 1,502 or 34% of Anolis were positive for P. fioridense. During the first 3 years (1959–1961), the rate of infection in Anolis was about 46% as compared to 6% in Sceloporus from the same area during the same period. In 1962 the frequency of occurrence in Anolis dropped to 24% (85 of 358) and in Sceloporus to 3.3% (15 of 448). In 1963 there was a further drop to 17% in Anolis (60 of 353) and to 2% in Sceloporus (11 of 514). Thus the incidence was from 3 to 10 times higher in Anolis than in Sceloporus in this area. There is a marked increase in new infections in Anolis during late summer and fall indicating a period of parasite transmission.Local mosquitoes, Aëdes atlanticus-tormentor, A. triseriatus, Psorophora confinnis, P. ferox and Mansonia perturbans, fed on infected lizards and kept at 25–30°C, were all negative. One of 80 Aëdes aegypti showed 1 oocyst and negative salivary glands. Four of 70 Culex territans had 23, 1, 16 and 2 oocysts, but negative glands 31 days following an infective blood meal from Sceloporus. Culex quinquefasciatus (225 dissected) had 2 infections of 1 and 3 oöcysts and negative glands. One of 3 Culex sp. had 70 oocysts and negative glands. No transmission experiments were successful. Under the conditions of testing, when Anolis and Sceloporus were exposed to mosquitoes at the same time, mosquitoes preferred to teed on Sceloporus.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 22 (1975), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: More than 15,000 lizards from South Georgia were examined over a period of 16 years. Five percent of Sceloporus undulatus and 36% of Anolis carolinensis were found to harbor Plasmodium floridense. Development of 28 natural new infections was followed in detail as soon as they became patent and comparisons in the 2 host species made of intensity and duration of infections and of merozoite means during the periods of acute rise and decline. During the acute rise, the merozoite mean in Sceloporus was 10.6 ± 0.11 (8,495 segmenters counted), compared with 13.44 ± 0.15 in Anolis (3,805 counted); during the decline, the merozoite means were 8.55 ± 0.13 (3,305 counted) and 10.28 ± 0.09 (6,772 counted), respectively. It took an average of 150 (100–253) days for the infection to run its course in Sceloporus, compared with the average of 71 (60–90) days in Anolis; the peak of parasitemia in Sceloporus was 11,600 parasites/10,000 red cells, compared with 1,600 in Anolis. Both lizard genera produced 5–10% gametocytes.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 17 (1970), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. From various localities in California, 81 (21%) of 381 Sceloporus occidentalis were found infected with Plasmodium mexicanum. Variations in asexual reproduction and host response during the acute period of development are discussed.Appearance of initial infections in early March and the subsequent increase in natural incidence of the parasite, the absence of infections in hatchlings, and the persistence of numerous gametocytes in hibernating lizards suggest a period of spring transmission.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 18 (1971), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. During a 15-year survey (1956–1970) involving more than 12,000 lizards, the incidence and annual fluctuations of both Plasmodium floridense and Schellackia occidentalis are reported. The occurrence of P. floridense in Anolis carolinensis from the Mainland (Fargo, Georgia area) varied from 52% (1958) to 10% (1964) with an average of 35%, while in Sceloporus undulatus from the same area during the same period it varied from 10% (1969) to 2% (1964) with an average of about 5%.The occurrence of Schellackia and Plasmodium in both Anolis and Sceloporus from Cumberland Island, and Schellackia from Anolis from 2 other Coastal Islands (Sapelo, 2% and Seahorse, 30%) are reported for the first time. On Cumberland, the only Georgia island thus far studied, where both Anolis and Sceloporus are found together, 16% of Anolis and 13% of Sceloporus had sporozoites of Schellackia sp. in the blood, while 11% of Sceloporus and 21% of Anolis harbored P. floridense.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Parasitology research 29 (1967), S. 61-84 
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Landmollusken-Arten Triodopsis caroliniensis und Mesodon inflectus dienen für Brachycoelium mesorchium Byrd, 1937, sowohl als erste Zwischenwirte als auch — neben anderen Arten — als zweite Zwischenwirte. Nach dem Verlust der bewimperten Epidermalplatten wandelt sich das Miracidium in ein Syncytium mit acht großen Zellkernen um (sog. primäre Masse). Dieses Stadium wandert in ein Blutgefäß ein, wo die weitere Entwicklung abläuft. Innerhalb von 3 Wochen entsteht aus der „Primärmasse“ ein vielgestaltiger, gekammerter cystenähnlicher Organismus, der unvollständig von Fasern und Zellen aus der Blutgefäßwand umgeben wird, verstärkt durch eine Ansammlung von reaktivem Wirtsbindegewebe. Die „erste Generation“ von Embryonen entwickelt sich (in situ) zu länglichen sporocystenähnlichen Organismen, eingeschlossen von einer Lage von Wirtsgewebe. Nach 6 Wochen bilden sich in der parasitischen Zellmasse mehrere Wachstumszentren; die erste Generation enthält eine zweite Generation und ein Konglomerat von parasitischen Zellen. Um die 9. Woche hat sich die zweite Generation von Embryonen zu dickwandigen tubulären Organismen umgewandelt, die einen prominenten muskuloglandulären Saugapparat besitzen und einen Belag aus Fasern und Zellen aufweisen, die vom Wirtsgewebe stammen. Wenn diese radienähnlichen Formen älter werden, nehmen sie viele verschiedene Formen und Größen an; im typischen Fall sind sie flaschenförmig mit einem tubulären halsähnlichen Teil und einem visikulären Körper. Die Form wechselt zwischen dieser flaschenähnlichen Gestalt und längeren Gebilden mit zwei oder mehr bläschenförmigen Teilen, die durch einen längeren oder kürzeren dickwandigen tubulären Teil. Cercarienembryonen erfüllen den größeren Teil des visikulären Abschnittes. Die Cercarien selbst sind schwanzlos und ohne Stylus. Wenn sie aus den Mollusken schlüpfen, sind sie vollständig von einem Schleim eingekapselt, der sie für etwa 6 Tage einhüllt. Werden sie von anderen Landmollusken-Arten aufgenommen, dann wandern die Cercarien erneut in das Gewebe ein und encystieren sich zu Metacercarien. Diese entwickeln sich innerhalb von 1–3 Wochen, nachdem sie von den Larvenstadien ihres Wirtes, nämlich vom Salamander Eurycea bislineata cirrigera und Desmognathus fusca fusca per os aufgenommen werden zu jungen Egeln.
    Notes: Summary The terrestrial mollusks Triodopsis caroliniensis (LEA) and Mesodon inflectus (Say) served satisfactorily as the first intermediate hosts for Brachycoelium mesorchium Byrd, 1937. They, along with the other species exposed, served as second intermediate hosts. On losing its ciliated epidermal plates the miacidium became transformed into a syncytium having eight, large nuclei (the primary mass). The primary mass entered a blood vessel where all further development occurred. Within three weeks the mass developed into a multiloculated (compartmentalized) cyst-like organism, the compartments of which were incompletely surrounded by fibers and cells of the blood vessel's wall, strengthened by an accumulation of the host's connective tissue (reactive) cells. The “first generation” embryos developed (in situ) into elongated, sporocyst-like organisms enclosed in a supporting layer of host tissues. After six weeks the parasitic mass comprised many centers of growth, first generation organisms containing second generation embryos and a conglomerate of parasitic cells. By the ninth week the second generation embryos had developed (in situ) into thick-walled, tubular organisms possessing a prominent musculo-glandular, sucking apparatus and had a covering of fibers and cells derived from the host's tissues. As these redia-like forms aged they assumed many different shapes and sizes, although typically they were flask-shaped, with a tubular, neck-like part and a vesicular body: ultimately ranged from flask-shaped forms to individuals having two or more vesicular portions joined by longer or shorter, thick-walled tubular parts. Cercarial embryos filled most of their vesicular portions. The cercaria was tailless, and devoid of a stylus. On escaping from the mollusk it as completely encapsulated in mucous which sustained it for about six days. On being ingested by any of the several species of terrestrial mollusks available, the cercaria reentered the tissues and encysted as a metacercaria. These metacercariae developed into young flukes (some with eggs) within one, two or three weeks after being fed to larval (aquatic) stages of host salamanders, Eurycea bislineata cirrigera (Green) and Desmognathus fusca fusca Rafnesque.
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  • 6
  • 7
    Publication Date: 2018-07-02
    Print ISSN: 1661-7827
    Electronic ISSN: 1660-4601
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
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