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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 29 (1981), S. 194-196 
    ISSN: 1520-5118
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 26 (1995), S. 177-199 
    ISSN: 0066-4162
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Inorganic chemistry 14 (1975), S. 1244-1249 
    ISSN: 1520-510X
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 10 (1974), S. 125-127 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental mechanics 17 (1977), S. 172-178 
    ISSN: 1741-2765
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Methods of evaluating instrumented Charpy-impact tests have been described and applied to the determination of the dynamic-fracture toughness,K 1d, of A533B steel. Measurements were made over a range of temperature (−197°C to+100° C) and at loading rates, $$\dot K{\mathbf{ }} \simeq {\mathbf{ }}10^{6{\mathbf{ }}} ksi{\mathbf{ }}\sqrt i /s{\mathbf{ }}(1.1{\mathbf{ }}x{\mathbf{ }}10^{6{\mathbf{ }}} MN/m^{3/2} /s)$$ . The results have been compared to those obtained by other workers from slower tests on much thicker specimens. The work leads to a conclusion as to the extent to which higher strain-rate testing can replace specimen size in obtaining ASTM valid results.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 8 (1972), S. 21-36 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des essais de ténacite à la rupture ont été exécutés sur un alliage Al-4 %Cu sous forme de tôles traitées de 21/2 pouces d'épaisseur. A l'aide de trois types d'essais-flexion lente sur trois points, Charpy instrumenté, et double poutre cantilever on a étudié les valeurs de K c , dans une large gamme de températures, de vitesses d'essais et de dimensions d'éprouvettes. Hormis pour les très bases températures, on n'a trouvé qu'une relativement faible dépendance de K 1c , avec la température dans la gamme −200 à +160°C. L'alliage ne semble pas sensible de manière appreciable à la vitesse de déformation dans la gamme des vitesses étudiees (0,002“/min à 2000”/min.). On a comparé les valeurs les plus élevées de la tenacité obtenues avec les essais de rupture des petites éprouvettes sous état plan de déformation aux résultats les moins favorables fournis par les essais sur les grandes éprouvettes. On a constaté une non uniformité des résultats lorsque s'incurvent les surfaces de rupture dans les éprouvettes cantilever de petite dimension. Un accroissement apparent de la ténacité a été enregistré dans la zone à mi-épaisseur des tôles: les effete dimensionnels étaient plus manifestes dans cette couche caractérisee par une limits élastique plus faible. Les résultats montrent que la tenacite K 1c subit un réel accroissement lorsque l'on abaisse la température, mais aussi que, lorsque la limite élastique est sujette à altération, il convient de recourir à des éprouvettes de grande dimension pour obtenir la constante K 1c la plus basse. Les essais sur double poutre cantilever peuvent toujours être appliqués pour la détermination du K 1c de cet alliage ductile dont la limite élastique pent n'atteindre que 40.000 psi. La micrographic électronique indique le caractère ductile et intergranulaire des ruptures. Ces résultats confirment les théories de la précipitation solide dans les alliages d'aluminium.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurden Bruchfestigkeitsversuche an einer Al-4% Cu Legierung in Form eines voll wärmebehandelten 21/2 Zoll starken Bleches durchgeführt. Dabei wurden drei Arten von Prüfverfahren angewendet: der Dreipunkt-Langsambiegeversuch, der instrumentierte Charpy- Schlagversuch und der Doppelkantileverprobenversuch. Sie ermöglichten es K 1c -Werte der planen Verformungsbruchfestigkeit über weite Bereiche der Temperatur Prüfgeschwindigkeit und Probengröße zu ermitteln. Der Temperatureinfluß (−200°C bis + 160°C) auf den K 1c -Wert erwies sich als sehr geringfügig, ausgenommen im Bereich sehr tiefer Temperaturen. Auch war die Legierung im untersuchten Bereich (0,002 Zoll/min bis 2000 Zoll/min.) nicht sehr empfindlich für die Verformungsgeschwindigkeit. Die für die Proben geringer Abmessungen, aus unter planen Verformungsbedingungen durchgeführten Zugversuche ermittelten höhere Festigkeitswerte, wurden mit niedrigsten Werten für die größeren Proben verglichen. Es wurde eine Streuung der Ergebnisse festgestellt wenn sich gekrümmte Bruchflächen in den kleineren DCB-Proben ausbildeten. Es ergab sich sin scheinbarer Anstieg der Festigkeit im Mittelbereich des Bleches und der Einfluß der Probenabmessungen war am ausgeprägtesten im Metall geringerer Elastizitätsgrenze dieser Schicht. Die Ergebnisse weisen auf einen reellen Anstieg der Festigkeit K 1c für fallende Temperaturen hin, zeigen jedoch außerdem, daß größere Probenabmessungen erforderlich sind um die niedrigsten und konstantesten K 1c -Werte zu erreichen, bei Bedingungen wo die Festigkeitsgrenze abfällt. Es ergab sich desweiteren, daß der DCB-Versuch auch noch für die Messungen der K 1c -Werte dieser unspröden Legierung gültig bleibt, für welche die Elastizitätsgrenze bei nur fund 40,000 lbs/Zoll beträgt. Die Elektronenmikrofraktographie zeigt auf einen duktilen intergranularen Bruchmodus hin. Diese Ergebnisse sind in Übereinstimmung mit den Theorien über feste Ausscheidungen in Al-Legierungen.
    Notes: Abstract Fracture toughness testing was carried out on an Al-4C% Cu alloy in the form of a fully heat treated 21/2-in thick plate. Three types of test, the three point slow bend, instrumented Charpy impact, and double cantilever beam tests, enabled values of plane strain fracture toughness (K 1c ) to be studied over a range of temperature, testing speed and specimen size. Dependence of K 1c upon temperature (−200°C to +160°C) was found to be relatively small except at very low temperatures. The alloy was found not to be appreciably strain rate sensitive over the range of testing speeds (0.002 in/min to 2000 in/min) used. Higher toughness values, obtained from plane strain fractures of the smaller size specimens, were compared with low results from large specimens. The results became variable when curved fracture surfaces developed in the smallest DCB specimens. There was an apparent increase in toughness towards the centre of the plate and the effects of specimen size were most marked in the lower yield strength metal of this layer. The results indicate a genuine increase in toughness K 1c with decreasing temperature, but also show that large specimens are required to approach the lowest and constant K 1c value in circumstances where the yield strength decreases. The DCB test is also shown to be still valid for the measurement of K 1c for this non-brittle alloy, where yield strength may be only about 40,000 lbf/in2. Electron fractography showed a ductile intergranular fracture mode. The results are consistent with theories of solute precipitation in Al-alloys.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 420-428 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Crack velocity measurements and fracture toughness tests have been carried out on extruded sheets of bisphenol-A polycarbonate. Slow bend tests provided quasi-static K1c data while dynamic initiation values were obtained from instrumented Charpy impact tests. In both types of tests high-speed crack velocity measurements were made using conductive silver grids applied to the specimens. The variation of K1c with strain rate and temperature was found to be small and in general agreement with expectations from the relaxation properties of polycarbonate. Notch acuity was found to have little effect in that values of K1c and crack velocity from specimens having the standard Charpy notch were similar to values obtained from sharp-cracked specimens. Some anisotropy was present in the material and gave rise to a small variation in K1c values with direction of crack propagation. Crack velocity and also the fracture mode transition temperature showed considerable dependence upon orientation. It was thought that dynamic toughness Kd, was influenced more than K1c by partial orientation of amorphous regions in the material and that the relaxation time for re-orientation was probably significant here.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 11 (1973), S. 1995-2020 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The critical value of the stress intensity factor, K1c, (fracture toughness) has been measured for poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) over a wide range of testing speed (K ≃ 4 to K̇ ≃ 50 × 106 lb/in3/2-sec) and temperature (from -197°C to +21°C) in air and inert gas, by use of single-edge notch, double cantilever beam (normal and compact types) and instrumented impact tests. Some features of the toughness curves were found to be subject to time-temperature shifts and were explained in terms of relaxation motions of parts of the polymer molecule, (second-order thermodynamic transitions). Correlation with published data on mechanical energy losses in vibration experiments, dielectric losses and NMR results provided an identification of the operative relaxations. The coincidence of the fracture mode transition in the glassy state with the peak of the β relaxation was observed and the trend of K1c values in a transition region was attributed to the close relationship of K1c to the complex modulus for the hard glassy state. Impact and propagating crack values of K1c have been discussed in general terms, and the limitations of fracture mechanics in studying a time-dependent material property have been considered in the light of recent rheological studies on the fracture of polymers.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 13 (1975), S. 495-516 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The fracture toughness of PVC has been measured by using three-point bend specimens tested over a wide range of strain rate and temperature. A method has been described of deriving fracture load indirectly by measurement of stiffness from a preliminary “low blow” test in instrumented impact testing. Some limitations of the method, when used with semi-ductile material of low stiffness, have been discussed. Fracture toughness results have also been evaluated by an alternative energy method, which is however more suitably applied to the lower speed impact test. The curves of K1c versus temperature for PVC contain a weak maximum at a temperature below Tg, the location of which varies with testing speed. The position of the maximum in the time-temperature field has been compared with the locus of the β damping peak derived from mechanical (flexural vibrations, torsion pendulum) and dielectric loss measurements, with reasonable agreement. Static toughness was higher than dynamic, and this correlated with fracture surface appearance, thereby indicating a real difference in toughness probably associated with crack tip craze development.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-1: Polymer Chemistry 4 (1966), S. 1791-1798 
    ISSN: 0449-296X
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It has been shown that the rates of polymerization of individual monomers in a mixture of monomers can be followed by means of an NMR technique. The technique is rapid and simple and requires very little sample. The system MMA-MA-VIBE was investigated by the technique. From the data obtained it was concluded that the polymer formed in a mixture of the three monomers is a block copolymer made up of (MMA)m and (MA-VIBE)n units, the lengths of which depend on the monomer concentrations.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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