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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mineralization of carbon and nitrogen from fresh and anaerobically stored sheep manure in soils of different texture (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 19 (1995), S. 29-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Ammonium sulphate ; Biomass N ; Clay CO2 ; Gross mineralization ; 15N
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A sandy loam soil was mixed with three different amounts of quartz sand and incubated with (15NH4)2SO4 (60 μg N g-1 soil) and fresh or anaerobically stored sheep manure (60 μg g-1 soil). The mineralization-immobilization of N and the mineralization of C were studied during 84 days of incubation at 20°C. After 7 days, the amount of unlabelled inorganic N in the manure-treated soils was 6–10 μg N g-1 soil higher than in soils amended with only (15NH4)2SO4. However, due to immobilization of labelled inorganic N, the resulting net mineralization of N from manure was insignificant or slightly negative in the three soil-sand mixtures (100% soil+0% quartz sand; 50% soil+50% quartz sand; 25% soil+75% quartz sand). After 84 days, the cumulative CO2 evolution and the net mineralization of N from the fresh manure were highest in the soil-sand mixutre with the lowest clay content (4% clay); 28% fo the manure C and 18% of the manure N were net mineralized. There was no significant difference between the soil-sand mixtures containing 8% and 16% clay, in which 24% of the manure C and -1% to 4% of the manure N were net mineralized. The higher net mineralization of N in the soil-sand mixture with the lowest clay content was probably caused by a higher remineralization of immobilized N in this soil-sand mixture. Anaerobic storage of the manure reduced the CO2 evolution rates from the manure C in the three soil-sand mixtures during the initial weeks of decomposition. However, there was no effect of storage on net mineralization of N at the end of the incubation period. Hence, there was no apparent relationship between net mineralization of manure N and C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336343
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Grain yield, symbiotic N2 fixation and interspecific competition for inorganic N in pea-barley intercrops (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 182 (1996), S. 25-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare ; intercropping ; 15N-isotope dilution technique ; N transfer ; Pisum sativum ; Relative Yield Total (RYT)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of mixed intercropping of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), compared to monocrop cultivation, on the yield and crop-N dynamics was studied in a 4-yr field experiment using 15N-isotope dilution technique. Crops were grown with or without the supply of 5 g 15N-labeled N m-2. The effect of intercropping on the dry matter and N yields, competition for inorganic N among the intercrop components, symbiotic fixation in pea and N transfer from pea to barley were determined. As an average of four years the grain yields were similar in monocropped pea, monocropped and fertilized barley and the intercrop without N fertilizer supply. Nitrogen fertilization did not influence the intercrop yield, but decreased the proportion of pea in the yield. Relative yield totals (RYT) showed that the environmental sources for plant growth were used from 12 to 31% more efficiently by the intercrop than by the monocrops, and N fertilization decreased RYT-values. Intercrop yields were less stable than monocrop barley yields, but more stable than the yield of monocropped pea. Barley competed strongly for soil and fertilizer N in the intercrop, and was up to 30 times more competitive than pea for inorganic N. Consequently, barley obtained a more than proportionate share of the inorganic N in the intercrop. At maturity the total recovery of fertilizer N was not significantly different between crops, averaging 65% of the supplied N. The fertilizer N recovered in pea constituted only 9% of total fertilizer-N recovery in the intercrop. The amount of symbiotic N2 fixation in the intercrop was less than expected from its composition and the fixation in monocrop. This indicates that the competition from barley had a negative effect on the fixation, perhaps via shading. At maturity, the average amount of N2 fixation was 17.7 g N m-2 in the monocrop and 5.1 g N m-2 in the intercropped pea. A higher proportion of total N in pea was derived from N2 fixation in the intercrop than in the monocrop, on average 82% and 62%, respectively. The 15N enrichment of intercropped barley tended to be slightly lower than of monocropped barley, although not significantly. Consequently, there was no evidence for pea N being transferred to barley. The intercropping advantage in the pea-barley intercrop is mainly due to the complimentary use of soil inorganic and atmospheric N sources by the intercrop components, resulting in reduced competition for inorganic N, rather than a facilitative effect, in which symbiotically fixed N2 is made available to barley.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010992
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Compared cycling in a soil-plant system of pea and barley residue nitrogen (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 182 (1996), S. 13-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: crop residues ; Hordeum vulgare L. ; 15N, N-cycling ; Pisum sativum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments were carried out on a temperate soil to determine the decline rate, the stabilization in soil organic matter and the plant uptake of N from 15N-labelled crop residues. The fate of N from field pea (Pisum sativum L.) and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) residues was followed in unplanted and planted plots and related to their chemical composition. In the top 10 cm of unplanted plots, inorganic N was immobilized after barley residue incorporation, whereas the inorganic N pool was increased during the initial 30 days after incorporation (DAI) of pea residues. Initial net mineralization of N was highly correlated to the concentrations of soluble C and N and the lignin: N ratio of residues. The contribution of residue-derived N to the inorganic N pool was at its maximum 30 DAI (10–55%) and declined to on average 5% after 3 years of decomposition. Residual organic labelled N in the top 10 cm soil declined rapidly during the initial 86 DAI for all residue types. Leaching of soluble organic materials may have contributed to this decline. At 216 DAI 72, 59 and 45% of the barley, mature pea and green pea residue N, respectively, were present in organic N-forms in the topsoil. During the 1–3 year period, residual organic labelled N from different residues declined at similar rates, mean decay constant: 0.18 yr-1. After 3 years, 45% of the barley and on average 32% of the pea residue N were present as soil organic N. The proportion of residue N remaining in the soil after 3 years of decomposition was most strongly correlated with the total and soluble N concentrations in the residue. The ratio (% inorganic N derived from residues): (% organic N derived from residues) was used as a measure of the rate residue N stabilization. From initial values of 3–7 the ratios declined to on average 1.9 and 1.6 after 2 and 3 yrs, respectively, indicating that a major part of the residue N was stabilized after 2 years of decomposition. Even though the largest proportion of residue N stabilized after 3 years was found for barley, the largest amount of residue N stabilized was found with incorporation of pea residues, since much more N was incorporated with these residues. In planted plots and after one year of decomposition, 7% of the pea and 5% of the barley residue N were recovered in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) shoots. After 2 years the cumulative recovery of residue N in ryegrass shoots and roots was 14% for pea and 15% for barley residue N. The total uptake of non-labelled soil N after 2 years of growth was similar in the two residue treatments, but the amount of soil N taken up in each growth period varied between the treatments, apparently because the soil N immobilized during initial decomposition of residues was remineralized later in the barley than in the pea residue treatment. Balances were established for the amounts of barley and mature pea residue N remaining in the 0–10 cm soil layer and taken up in ryegrass after 2 years of decomposition. About 24% of the barley and 35% of the pea residue N were unaccounted for. Since these apparent losses are comparable to almost twice the amounts of pea and barley residue N taken up by the perennial ryegrass crop, there seems to be a potential for improved crop residue management in order to conserve nutrients in the soil-plant system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010991
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen mineralization and denitrification as influenced by crop residue particle size (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 197 (1997), S. 261-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: denitrification ; microbial biomass ; N mineralization ; 15N labelled crop residue ; residue particle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Managing the crop residue particle size has the potential to affect N conservation in agricultural systems. We investigated the influence of barley (Hordeum vulgare) and pea (Pisum sativum) crop residue particle size on N mineralization and denitrification in two laboratory experiments. Experiment 1: 15N-labelled ground (≤3 mm) and cut (25 mm) barley residue, and microcrystalline cellulose+glucose were mixed into a sandy loam soil with additional inorganic N. Experiment 2: inorganic15 N and C2H2 were added to soils with barley and pea material after 3, 26, and 109 days for measuring gross N mineralization and denitrification. Net N immobilization over 60 days in Experiment 1 cumulated to 63 mg N kg-1 soil (ground barley), 42 (cut barley), and 122 (cellulose+glucose). More N was seemingly net mineralized from ground barley (3.3 mg N kg-1 soil) than from cut barley (2.7 mg N kg-1 soil). Microbial biomass peaked at day 4 with the barley treatments and at day 14 with the cellulose+glucose whereafter the biomass leveled out at values 79 mg C kg-1 (ground), 104 (cut), and 242 (cellulose+glucose) higher than for the control soil. Microbial growth yields were similar for the two barley treatments, ca. 60 mg C g-1 substrate C added, which was lower than the 142 mg C g-1 C added with cellulose+glucose. This suggests that the 75% (w/w) holocelluloses and sugars contained with the barley material remained physically protected despite grinding. In Experiment 2 gross mineralization on day 3 was 4.8 mg N kg-1 d-1 with ground pea, twice as much as for all other treatments. On day 26 the treatment with ground barley had the greatest gross N mineralization. In static cores ground barley denitrified 11-fold more than did cut barley, whereas denitrification was similar for the two pea treatments. In suspensions denitrification was similar for the two treatments both with barley and pea residue. We conclude that the higher microbial activity associated with the initial decomposition of ground plant material is due to a more intimate plant residue-soil contact. On the long term, grinding the plant residues has no significant effect on N dynamics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004276631914
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimating crop N uptake from organic residues using a new approach to the 15N isotope dilution technique (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 223 (2000), S. 33-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: crop residues ; nitrogen ; organic residues
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were conducted to test a new approach to the 15N isotope dilution technique for estimating crop N uptake from organic inputs. Soils were pre-labelled with 15N fertiliser and a carbon source. These were then incubated until there was stabilisation of the 15N abundance of the inorganic N pool and resumption of inorganic N concentrations. Residues were then applied to the soils and planted with ryegrass (Lolium perenneL.) to determine the nitrogen derived from the residue (Ndfr) using the isotope dilution equations. This method was compared with the direct method, i.e. where 15N-labelled residues were added to the soil and Ndfr in the ryegrass calculated directly. Estimates of percentage nitrogen derived from the residue (%Ndfr) alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.) in the ryegrass, were similar, 22 and 23% for the direct and soil pre-labelling methods, respectively, in the Wechsel sandy loam. Also, estimates of the %Ndfr from soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) residues in the Krumbach sandy loam were similar 34% (direct) and 36% (soil pre-labelling approach). However, in the Seibersdorf clay loam, the %Ndfr from soybean was 49% using the direct method and 61% using the soil pre-labelling method; yet Ndfr from common bean residue was 46% using the direct approach and 40% using the pre-labelling, not significantly different (P 〉 0.05). The soil pre-labelling approach appears to give realistic values for Ndfr. It was not possible to obtain an estimate of Ndfr using the soil pre-labelling method from the maize residues (Zea mays L.) in two of the soils, as there was no increase in the total N of the ryegrass over the growing period. This was probably due to microbial immobilisation of inorganic N, as a result of the wide C:N ratio of the residue added. The results suggest that the new soil pre-labelling method is feasible and that it is a potentially useful technique for measuring N release from a wide range or organic residues, but it requires further field-testing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004789103949
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parallel variation in isoenzyme and nitrogen fixation markers in a Rhizobium population (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 128 (1990), S. 283-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: effectiveness ; isoenzymes ; Pisum sativum ; restriction fragment length polymorphism ; RFLP ; Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Twenty isolates of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viceae were isolated at random from one field and examined for symbiotic plasmid fragment length polymorphisms and for isoenzyme patterns. The latter are most probably chromosome markers. With one exception both methods separated the isolates into the same 13 different groups. The largest group was represented 7 times according to isoenzymes and 8 times according to RFLP. This fixed non-random association of plasmid and chromosomal genotypes is consistent with a clonal population structure; it indicates limited exchange of plasmids under natural conditions. Seventeen isolates of 11 groups were highly effective and 2 isolates in one group almost ineffective.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011120
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mineralization-immobilization and plant uptake of nitrogen as influenced by the spatial distribution of cattle slurry in soils of different texture (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 173 (1995), S. 283-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; animal manure ; injection ; 15N ; N utilization ; ryegrass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of incorporating cattle slurry in soil, either by mixing or by simulated injection into a hollow in soil, on the ryegrass uptake of total N and 15NH4 +-N was determined in three soils of different texture. The N accumulation in Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) from slurry N and from an equivalent amount of NH4 +-N in (15NH4) SO4 (control) was measured during 6 months of growth in pots. After this period the total recovery of labelled N in the top soil plus herbage was similar in the slurry and the control treatments. This indicated that gaseous losses from slurry NH4 +-N were insignificant. Consequently, the availability of slurry N to plants was mainly influenced by the mineralization-immobilization processes. The apparent utilization of slurry NH4 +-N mixed into soil was 7%, 14% and 24% lower than the utilization of (NH4)2SO4-N in a sand soil, a sandy loam soil and a loam soil, respectively. Thus, the net immobilization of N due to slurry application increased with increasing soil clay content, whereas the recovery in plants of 15N-labelled NH4 +-N from slurry was similar on the three soils. A parallel incubation experiment showed that the immobilization of slurry N occurred within the first week after slurry application. The incorporation of slurry N by simulated injection increased the plant uptake of both total and labelled N compared to mixing the slurry into the soil. The apparent utilization of injected slurry NH4 +-N was 7% higher, 8% lower and 4% higher than the utilization of (NH4)2SO4-N in the sand, the sandy loam and the loam soil, respectively. It is concluded that the spatial distribution of slurry in soil influenced the net mineralization of N to the same degree as did the soil type.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011466
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The fate of fresh and stored 15N-labelled sheep urine and urea applied to a sandy and a sandy loam soil using different application strategies (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 183 (1996), S. 213-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonia volatilization ; animal manure ; N immobilization ; N mineralization ; N-balance ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The fate of nitrogen from 15N-labelled sheep urine and urea applied to two soils was studied under field conditions. Labelled and stored urine equivalent to 204 kg N ha−1 was either incorporated in soil or applied to the soil surface prior to sowing of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.), or it was applied to ryegrass one month after sowing. In a sandy loam soil, 62% of the incorporated urine N and 78% of the incorporated urea N was recovered in three cuts of herbage after 5 months. In a sandy soil, 51–53% of the labelled N was recovered in the herbage and the distribution of labelled N in plant and soil was not significantly different for incorporated urine and urea. Almost all the supplied labelled N was accounted for in soil and herbage in the sandy loam soil, whereas 33–34% of the labelled N was unaccounted for in the sandy soil. When the stored urine was applied to the soil surface, 20–24% less labelled N was recovered in herbage plus soil compared to the treatments where urine or urea were incorporated, irrespective of soil type. After a simulated urination on grass, 69% of the labelled urine N was recovered in herbage and 15% of the labelled N was unaccounted for. The labelled N unaccounted for was probably mainly lost by ammonia volatilization. Significantly more urine- than urea-derived N (36 and 19%, respectively) was immobilized in the sandy loam soil, whereas the immobilization of N from urea and urine was similar in the sandy soil (13–16%). The distribution of urine N, whether incorporated or applied to the soil surface prior to sowing, did not influence the immobilization of labelled urine N in soil. The immobilization of urine-derived N was also similar whether the urine was applied alone or in an animal slurry consisting of labelled urine and unlabelled faecal N. When urine was applied to growing ryegrass at the sandy loam soil, the immobilization of urine-derived N was significantly reduced compared to application prior to sowing. The results indicated that the net mineralization of urine N was similar to that of urea in the sandy soil, but only about 75% of the urine N was net mineralized in the sandy loam soil, when urine was applied prior to sowing. Thus, the fertilizer effect of urine N may be significantly lower than that of urea N on fine-textured soils, even when gaseous losses of urine N are negligible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011436
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dinitrogen fixation in white clover grown in pure stand and mixture with ryegrass estimated by the immobilized 15N isotope dilution method (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 208 (1999), S. 293-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: grass/clover mixtures ; Lolium perenne L. ; 15N immobilization ; 15N isotope dilution ; N2 fixation ; Trifolium repens L
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Dinitrogen fixation in white clover (Trifolium repens L.) grown in pure stand and mixture with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) was determined in the field using 15N isotope dilution and harvest of the shoots. The apparent transfer of clover N to perennial ryegrass was simultaneously assessed. The soil was labelled either by immobilizing 15N in organic matter prior to establishment of the sward or by using the conventional labelling procedure in which 15N fertilizer is added after sward establishment. Immobilization of 15N in the soil organic matter has not previously been used in studies of N2 fixation in grass/clover pastures. However, this approach was a successful means of labelling, since the 15N enrichment only declined at a very slow rate during the experiment. After the second production year only 10–16% of the applied 15N was recovered in the harvested herbage. The two labelling methods gave, nonetheless, a similar estimate of the percentage of clover N derived from N2 fixation. In pure stand clover, 75–94% of the N was derived from N2 fixation and in the mixture 85–97%. The dry matter yield of the clover in mixture as percentage of total dry matter yield was relatively high and increased from 59% in the first to 65% in the second production year. The average daily N2 fixation rate in the mixture-grown clover varied from less than 0.5 kg N ha−1 day−1 in autumn to more than 2.6 kg N ha−1 day−1 in June. For clover in pure stand the average N2 fixation rate was greater and varied between 0.5 and 3.3 kg N ha−1 day−1, but with the same seasonal pattern as for clover in mixture. The amount of N fixed in the mixture was 23, 187 and 177 kg N ha−1 in the seeding, first and second production year, respectively, whereas pure stand clover fixed 28, 262 and 211 kg N ha−1 in the three years. The apparent transfer of clover N to grass was negligible in the seeding year, but clover N deposited in the rhizosphere or released by turnover of stolons, roots and nodules, contributed 19 and 28 kg N ha−1 to the grass in the first and second production year, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004533430467
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Short-term effects of a dung pat on N2 fixation and total N uptake in a perennial ryegrass/white clover mixture (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 196 (1997), S. 133-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: dung ; faeces ; Lolium perenne L. ; 15N isotope dilution ; N2 fixation ; Trifolium repens L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The short-term effects of a simulated cattle dung pat on N2 fixation and total uptake of N in a perennial ryegrass/white clover mixture was studied in a container experiment using sheep faeces mixed with water to a DM content of 13%. We used a new 15N cross-labelling technique to determine the influence of dung-pat N on N2 fixation in a grass/clover mixture and the uptake of dung N in grass and clover. The proportion of N in clover derived from N2 fixation (%Ndfa) varied between 88–99% during the 16 weeks following application of the dung. There was no effect of dung on the %Ndfa in clover grown in mixture, whereas the %Ndfa in clover grown in pure stand decreased (nominal 2–3%) after dung application. Dung did not influence the amount of N2 fixed, and the uptake of dung N in grass and clover proceeded at an almost constant rate. After 16 weeks, 10% of the applied dung N was taken up by grass and clover, 57% had been incorporated in the soil by faunal activity and 27% remained in residual dung on the soil surface. The dung N unaccounted for (7%) was probably lost by ammonia volatilisation and denitrification. The uptake of dung N in grass/clover mixtures in the field was similarly followed by using simulated 15N-labelled dung pats. The total dry matter production and N yields increased in the 0–30 cm distance from the edge of the dung patch, but the proportion of clover decreased. Thirteen months after application of the dung 4% of the applied dung N was recovered in the harvested herbage, 78% was recovered from the soil and the residual dung, and 18% was not accounted for. It is concluded that N2 fixation in the dung patch border area in grass/clover mixtures is not influenced directly by the release of N from dung pats in the short term. However the amount of N2 fixed may be reduced, if the growth of clover is reduced in the patch border area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004234029920
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