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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Biological Invasions in the South American Anthropocene : Global Causes and Local Impacts (2021)
    Cham :Springer International Publishing :
    Details
    Keywords: Applied ecology. ; Biotic communities. ; Biodiversity. ; Plants Evolution. ; Evolution (Biology). ; Applied Ecology. ; Ecosystems. ; Biodiversity. ; Plant Evolution. ; Evolutionary Theory.
    Description / Table of Contents: Preface -- Part 1. Conceptual Framework -- Chapter 1. Introduction to the Phenomenon of Biological Invasions -- Chapter 2. Biological Invasions in the Anthropocene -- chapter 3. Transport and Introduction -- Chapter 4. Naturalisation -- Chapter 5. Range Expansion -- Chapter 6. Impacts on Health, Economy and Diversity -- Chapter 7. Ecological Impacts -- Part 2. Case Studies -- Chapter 8. European Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in Chile: The Human Dimension Behind a Biological Invasion -- Chapter 9. Invasive European Wild Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in Argentina: State of the Art and Prospects for Research -- Chapter 10. Wild Boar Invasion in Argentina and Chile: Ecology, Impacts and Distribution -- Chapter 11. Reconceiving the Biological Invasion of North American Beavers (Castor Canadensis) in Southern Patagonia as a Socio-ecological Problem: implications and opportunities for research and management -- Chapter 12. Invasion by a Carnivore: the case of american mink (neovison vison) in south america -- Chapter 13. Homogenization of the Freshwater Fish Fauna in Chile: analysing the ichthyogeographic provinces. References. .
    Abstract: This book provides a conceptually organized framework to understand the phenomenon of biological invasions at the Anthropocene global scale. Most advances toward that aim have been provided from North American and European researchers, with fewer contributions from Australia and South Africa. Here we fill the void from the Neotropics, focusing on the research experience in South American countries, with a strong emphasis on Argentina and Chile. The text is divided into two parts: The first half comprises self-contained chapters, providing a conceptual, bibliographic and empirical foundation in the field of invasion biology, from an Anthropocene perspective. The second half reviews the ecology, biogeography, and local impacts in South America of exotic species groups (European rabbit, Eurasian wild boar, Canadian beaver, North American mink, and Holarctic freshwater fishes), which are shown to be useful models for case studies of global relevance. .
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: XIX, 346 p. 69 illus., 7 illus. in color. , online resource.
    Edition: 1st ed. 2021.
    ISBN: 9783030563790
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56379-0
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-56379-0
    DDC: 333.9516
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Frugivory and seed dispersal by foxes in relation to mammalian prey abundance in a semiarid thornscrub (2005)
    Melbourne, Australia : Blackwell Science Pty
    Austral ecology 30 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1442-9993
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We examine the role of the native fox, Pseudalopex culpaeus, as a frugivore and seed disperser in a semiarid thornscrub of Chile. We quantified the fruit and animal components in its diet versus the availability of fruits and small mammals in the field over a 2-year period (January 1998 through February 2000). We tested the legitimacy and effectiveness of foxes as dispersers by quantifying the percentages of seed viability and of germination of seeds that passed through fox gut versus those picked from plants. We also studied their efficiency as dispersers, monitoring the fate of seeds in faeces placed in the field. The highest frequencies of fruit consumption by foxes were observed when abundances of small mammal prey were 〈6 individuals per hectare, regardless of fruit abundance in the field. Thus, foxes consumed fruits as a supplementary food resource. Based on 326 faeces, the total number of fruits consumed was about 34 000 over the 2-year study period, and fruits from the alien shrub Schinus molle represented 98% of that total, with the native Porlieria chilensis a distant second. Germination and viability of defecated seeds of P. chilensis were reduced by 66% and 48%, respectively, in comparison to controls. In contrast, germination of seeds of S. molle increased by 50% and no effect on viability was observed. With regard to P. chilensis, foxes were legitimate (they defecated viable seeds), but ineffective (seeds in faeces had lower germination than those taken directly from parental plants and there was no seedling establishment in the field) and inefficient dispersers (seeds in faeces were deposited on microhabitats hostile to seed germination and seedling establishment). However, with regard to S. molle, foxes were legitimate, effective (seeds in faeces had higher germination than those taken directly from parental plants; there was germination but no establishment in the field), and efficient dispersers (over 41% of seeds were deposited on safe microsites). Thus, a native fox may be contributing to the spread of an alien shrub, co-opting existing community processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2005.01449.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Myths and facts on ratadas: Bamboo blooms, rainfall peaks and rodent outbreaks in South America (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Pty
    Austral ecology 28 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1442-9993
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  ‘Ratadas’ are rodent irruptions or outbreaks that have been recorded in South America since the Spanish conquest in the 16th century. The notion that ratadas are associated with bamboo flowering and subsequent mast seeding at cycles of 30 years has appeared in the literature since the late 1800s. Based on 63 well-documented cases, we show that not only are ratadas associated with bamboo blooming, but also many are associated with rainfall peaks, and that these two outbreak types are geographically interspersed over South America. In addition, we dispel the notion that South American bamboo blooms occur every 30 years, which may only be the case for Merostachys fistulosa. For other species the modal cycles occur every 14 (Merostachys spp.), 12 (Chusquea quila and/or valdiviensis) or 14 years (Chusquea coleou). We also propose the hypothesis that rainfall-associated ratadas are ultimately caused by the occurrence of El Niño, and discuss the possible population dynamic mechanisms underlying rodent outbreaks in South America. Aiming at setting a standardized framework for spatial and temporal comparisons, we propose a trapping protocol and a threshold density for assigning the ‘ratada’ label. Several of the mice implicated in ratadas are reservoirs of emerging diseases, thus emphasizing the need for predictive power to forecast disease epidemics that affect human populations. Further, ratadas may be viewed as pulsed resources, thus enabling us to learn more of the ways communities respond to such intermittent inputs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2003.01271.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Composition, size and dynamics of the seed bank in a mediterranean shrubland of Chile (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Pty
    Austral ecology 29 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1442-9993
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Analysis was performed of the richness and abundance of woody species, forbs, and annual grasses in the easily germinating soil seed bank (henceforth seed bank) in a mediterranean shrubland of central Chile. The effects of successional development after fire and by microsite type (underneath or outside shrubs) on the density of seeds in the soil, and the relationship of species abundance in the seed bank with its abundance in the above-ground vegetation was examined. A total of 64 plant species were recorded in the seed bank, of which 44 were annual or biannual. Eight species were woody and another eight were perennial herbs. Four could not be identified to species level. The highest richness of established herbaceous species was recorded in late spring, with 31 species. The regeneration of the herbaceous vegetation was driven by the annual production of seeds and by a reserve of short-lived propagules in the soil. Density of all germinating seeds was significantly higher during late spring and late summer. Density of grass seeds was greater during late spring, while that of all other species was greater during late summer. Annual grass seeds accumulated in higher proportion at exposed microsites rather than under woody canopy, and in young (〈 5 years old) and intermediate-age patches (10–20 years old) rather than in mature vegetation (30–50 years old). The abundance of established woody and herb species was uncorrelated with that of the seed bank.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2004.01392.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Body proportions, microhabitat selection, and adaptive radiation of Liolaemus lizards in central Chile (1980)
    Springer
    Oecologia 45 (1980), S. 178-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A biometric analysis of body proportions with presumably functional meaning for microhabitat selection was made on 12 species of Liolaemus lizards in central Chile. Characters studied were forelimb length, hindlimb length, tail length (all standardized by the corresponding snout-vent length), and the ratio forelimb/hindlimb length. It is shown that irrespective of terrestrial, saxicolous, or arboreal habits, Liolaemus species are remarkably similar in body proportions. The only exceptions are: L. lemniscatus, an open ground-dweller which exhibits significantly shorter limbs; and L. chiliensis and L. schroederi, both shrub-climbers which exhibit significantly longer tail. It is concluded that the adaptive radiation of Liolaemus lizards in central Chile has been accomplished mainly by diversification of activity time, food size, and microhabitat type. Morphological divergence in body proportions seems to have played an unimportant role.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00346457
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ecological species replacement of Liolaemus lizards along a habitat gradient (1980)
    Springer
    Oecologia 46 (1980), S. 45-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Ecological species replacement of Liolaemus platei by Liolaemus lemniscatus appears to occur along a north-south oriented herb density gradient. Both congeners are the only ground-dwelling lizards in the area; this suggests that L. lemniscatus is an ecological counterpart of L. platei in herbaceous habitats. Relatively longer legs appear to be associated with the utilization of herb-free habitats by L. platei; the shorter legs possessed by L. lemniscatus are associated with the utilization of habitats of higher herb density. Morphological evidence indicates the presence of intermediate populations in the zone of intermediate herb density. Alternatives of a single-species cline versus interspecific hybridization between the two taxa are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00346964
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Predation upon reptiles in Mediterranean habitats of Chile, Spain and California: A comparative analysis (1982)
    Springer
    Oecologia 53 (1982), S. 152-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Pradation on reptiles at three Mediterranean-type habitat sites was assessed by computing the incidence of reptiles as a percentage of vertebrates in the diet of each predator species and the incidence of each reptile species as prey for the entire assemblage of predators at each locality. The overall importance of reptiles is lowest in Chile, intermediate in California, and highest in Spain. These differences do not appear to result from interlocality variation in the size distributions of predators or of prey. The incidence of particular reptile species as prey is correlated with their relative abundances in Spain and California, but not in Chile. Behavioral and morphological attributes evidently make some species more vulnerable to predation and others less so than their abundances would predict. Predation on the speciose lizard genus Liolaemus in Chile is sufficient to promote behavioral responses but not major morphological divergence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00545658
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inadequacy of activity time as a niche difference: the case of diurnal and nocturnal raptors (1982)
    Springer
    Oecologia 52 (1982), S. 171-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary It has been assumed that differences in activity time of diurnal (Falconiform) and nocturnal (Strigiform) raptors reduce competition for food by giving them access to different prey resources. Consequently, dietary similarity should be greater between synchronously active raptors (either diurnal or nocturnal) than between asynchronous ones (diurnal versus nocturnal). Using five collective raptor assemblages I tested the hypothesis that the statistical distribution of food overlaps between synchronous raptors (Falconiform x Falconiform and Strigiform x Strigiform combined) should be composed of larger figures than that obtained from asynchronous pairs (Falconiform x Strigiform). Both a conservative (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test with Chisquare approximation) and a powerful (Mann-Whitney U-test) nonparametric procedure were used to deal with the problem of the degrees of freedom to be assigned to non-indepedent observations such as overlaps. The tests consistently failed to reject the null hypothesis, thus pointing to the inadequacy of temporal segregation as a means to partition prey resources between diurnal and nocturnal raptors. I propose that this can be accounted for by two factors, acting singly or in combination: a) that both Falconiforms and Strigiforms extend their hunting activities to crepuscular hours thus sharing prey of that activity period; b) that reputedly diurnal and nocturnal prey become vulnerable to predators of asynchronous hunting time by extending their activities in the field. Based on records of interspecific territoriality, prevation, and interference competition I propose that the evolution of nocturnality in Strigiforms might be more clearly related to interference interactions rather than exploitation competition with Falconiforms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00363832
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extinction and colonization processes in subpopulations of five neotropical small mammal species (1996)
    Springer
    Oecologia 107 (1996), S. 197-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Metapopulation ; Extinction ; Spatial structure ; Density ; Chile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We report the extinction and colonization rates of five sympatric small mammal species at a semiarid locality in north central Chile. We provide information based on 6 years of monitoring on how colonization and extinction rates change according to landscape features (slope aspect) and on their relationship to populations size, population variability, and body size. We found that: (1) for all species in the assemblage, extinction rates of subpopulations from equatorial-facing slopes were significantly lower than those in polar-facing slopes, (2) population size was the most important factor determining extinction rates, (3) colonization rates did not vary between slopes, and were affected by population size only in equatorial-facing slopes, and (4) most species had higher extinction than colonization rates. Persistence of the metapopulation system for all five small mammal species appears to be fueled by repeated colonization events.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00327903
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Population extinction risks of three Neotropical small mammal species (1998)
    Springer
    Oecologia 115 (1998), S. 120-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Extinction ; Small mammals ; Environmental variability ; ENSO ; Chile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The population persistence and extinction probabilities of three small mammal species were analyzed by estimating growth and extinction properties obtained from 10 years of live-trapping data at two different habitat types in semiarid Chile. We used a stochastic formulation with an exponential growth model known as a Wiener-drift process, out of which growth and extinction quantities were estimated. The rodent Phyllotis darwini showed the lowest rates of growth, and the lowest infinitesimal variances, whereas the opposite trend was found for the rodent Akodonolivaceus. The marsupial Thylamys elegans showed intermediate values for growth rates and infinitesimal variances. The rodent P. darwini showed the lowest extinction risk in the study site. We also detected spatial differences between mesic and xeric habitats in the growth rates of P. darwini and T. elegans, and in the extinction risks of the three species studied. Although the population growth of these three species can be approximated by purely stochastic processes, the introduction of density dependence through autoregressive log-linear models reduced the extinction times of all species analyzed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050498
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