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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Solid state phenomena Vol. 131-133 (Oct. 2007), p. 125-130 
    ISSN: 1662-9779
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Fast neutron irradiation of germanium has been used to study vacancy reactions andvacancy clustering in germanium as a model system to understand ion implantation and the vacancyreactions which are responsible for the apparently low n-type doping ceiling in implantedgermanium. It is found that at low neutron doses (~1011cm-2) the damage produced is very similarto that resulting from electron or gamma irradiation whereas at higher doses (〉 1013cm-2) thedamage is similar to that resulting from ion implantation as observed in the region near the peak ofa doping implant. Electrical measurements including CV profiling, spreading resistance, Deep-Level Transient-Spectroscopy and high resolution Laplace Deep-Level Transient-Spectroscopyhave been used in conjunction with positron annihilation and annealing studies. In germanium mostradiation and implantation defects are acceptor like and in n-type material the vacancy is negativelycharged. In consequence the coulombic repulsion between two vacancies and between vacanciesand other radiation-induced defects mitigates against the formation of complexes so that simpledefects such as the vacancy donor pair predominate. However in the case of ion implantation andneutron irradiation it is postulated that localized high concentrations of acceptor like defectsproduce regions of type inversion in which the vacancy is neutral and can combine with itself orwith other radiation induced acceptor like defects. In this paper the progression from simpledamage to complex damage with increasing neutron dose is examined
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The nonideality of the epithermal neutron flux distribution at a reactor site can be described by a 1/E1+α spectrum representation, with parameter α being a measure of the nonideality. α-values were determined in 3 typical irradiation positions of the TRIGA MARK II reactor of the “Jozef Stefan” Institute, Ljubljana, Yugoslavia, using the “Cd-ratio for multi-monitor” method. The simpler “Cd-ratio for dual monitor” method (monitors:197Au−94Zr) also yielded reliable results. This characterisation is of use in the k0-method of NAA, which is recently introduced at the Institute.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 135 (1989), S. 59-65 
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Neutron-flux behaviour during irradiation should be known when applying the ko-method of neutron activation analysis /NAA/. During two 100-hour operating periods of the TRIGA MARK II reactor, Ljubljana, the flux was measured by means of a197Au/n,γ/198Au monitor /Eγ=411.8 keV/. Cadmium-covered irradiations were also performed to obtain the epithermal flux and thermal-to-epithermal flux ratio variations. Consistency was found between these results and the reactor operators' logbook record.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 160 (1992), S. 101-108 
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The k0-standardization method of neutron activation analysis was applied for the multielement analysis of the NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) proposed Standard Reference Material (SRM) No. 1547 Peach Leaves. At the moment, 50 elements can be determined from a one day irradiation, using the TRIGA Mark II reactor of the “Jožef Stefan” Institute, Ljubljana. Among them, 28 elements were determined quantitatively, and for the remaining 22 elements, “less than” values were obtained.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The computer program SOLANG, originally developed by MOENS et al. for the efficiency conversion via effective solid angles (Ω), is extended in this work to cylindrical sources with a diameter larger than that of the Ge-detector. New program, named EXTSANGLE, is experimentally checked in our three laboratories. For the most unfavourable case from the standpoint of the accuracy of $$\bar \Omega $$ (bulky source counted at the top of detector), discrepancies were below 7% in the whole range of gamma-energies considered (88–1115 keV), with an average of 3–4%. EXTSANGLE is extensive and flexible with respect to the data input, storage and output, thus contributing to the automation of a gamma-spectrometry laboratory dealing, for instance, with the k0-NAA and/or environmental radioactivity monitoring.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 204 (1996), S. 45-55 
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Three watersheds were studied by sampling bulk precipitation deposition, seepage water at 50 cm soil depth and spring water. As the main analytical method for determination of trace elements and heavy metals in water samples, thek 0-based method of INAA was used. The results showed an increased content and concentration range of trace elements in precipitation, soil water and spring water in the vicinity of the Šoštanj Thermal Power Plant. We demonstrated that thek 0-based method of INAA as a multielement nondestructive technique is a highly suitable approach to determining some toxic trace elements in environmental studies of the water cycle.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 245 (2000), S. 649-652 
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The k 0-standardization method of neutron activation analysis (NAA) is very sensitive to the irradiation and counting time during measurement of the induced radionuclide by γ-spectrometry on the HP Ge detector. If the irradiation and counting time of the sample and co-irradiated standard is relatively short or the decay constant small, the application of the standard equation in the software for the specific count rate may become numerically unstable and the program aborts. In this work, attention is focused on the direct influence of saturation and "measurement" factors on the specific count rate for simple decay and for more complex types calculated directly by exponential functions, and by an alternative form using a truncated Taylor's series expression.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 169 (1993), S. 177-185 
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The k0-standardization method of INAA (instrumental neutron activation analysis) was applied to three reference materials: NIST (National Institute for Standards and Technology, Washington, D.C., USA) SRM (Standard Reference Material) 1646 Estuarine Sediment, NIST SRM 2704 Buffalo River Sediment and IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) CRM (Certified Reference Material) SL-1 Lake Sediment. Among the 50 elements sought yielding long-lived radioisotopes after (n, γ) activation, for 32 elements numerical values were obtained, and for the remaining 18, only detection limits were estimated. When comparing the results obtained in this work to certified, recommended or other literature values, good agreement was found, proving that the same analytical procedure can be applied with confidence for analysis of environmental sediment samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 190 (1995), S. 3-11 
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Quantitative data on trace elements in two tobacco leaf (candidate) reference materials OTL-1 and VTL-2 prepared by the Polish Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland, are presented and compard to recommended values, where available. By instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), as well as by radiochemical technique (RNAA) 30 elements were quantitatively determined and fair agreement was found between the results and recommended values for the first material.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract At the “Special Sessionk 0” of the MTAA-8 (Vienna, 1991), and later on at the “Intemationalk 0 Users Workshop-Gent” (1992), progress was reported with respect to the development and use of computer codes in order to mould thek 0-standardization of neutron activation analysis into an effective working instrument. Among others, this resulted in the software package KAYZERO for PC DOS, which was designed and distributed by DSM Research (Geleen, NL), and which is based on thek 0-methodology, algorithms and nuclear data file developed and created at the INW (Gent, B) and the KFKI (Budapest, H), the traditional “k 0-centres”. One of the most recent initiatives is a project in the framework of the COPERNICUS programme of the Commission of the European Union. It uses the synergism of a Joint Research Project to give an impulse to the exploitation of KAYZERO-assisted NAA as a manageable and competitive analytical tool in industry and environmental sanitation in Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovenia. An outline is given of the strategy worked out in this JRP, emphasizing the procedures applied in the three institutes for the calibration of their irradiation facilities and Ge-detectors, quality control and assurance procedures following the implementation of the method, and the identification and tackling of the practical analytical problems which are of relevance to the Central European partner countries.
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