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  • 1
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    Pleistocene extinction of genyornis newtoni: human impact on australian megafauna (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-08
    Description: More than 85 percent of Australian terrestrial genera with a body mass exceeding 44 kilograms became extinct in the Late Pleistocene. Although most were marsupials, the list includes the large, flightless mihirung Genyornis newtoni. More than 700 dates onGenyornis eggshells from three different climate regions document the continuous presence of Genyornis from more than 100,000 years ago until their sudden disappearance 50,000 years ago, about the same time that humans arrived in Australia. Simultaneous extinction of Genyornis at all sites during an interval of modest climate change implies that human impact, not climate, was responsible.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miller -- Magee -- Johnson -- Fogel -- Spooner -- McCulloch -- Ayliffe -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jan 8;283(5399):205-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉G. H. Miller and B. J. Johnson, Center for Geochronical Research, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), and Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0450, USA. J. W. Magee, Department of Geology, Austr.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9880249" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    65,000 years of vegetation change in central australia and the australian summer monsoon (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-05-15
    Description: Carbon isotopes in fossil emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) eggshell from Lake Eyre, South Australia, demonstrate that the relative abundance of C4 grasses varied substantially during the past 65,000 years. Currently, C4 grasses are more abundant in regions that are increasingly affected by warm-season precipitation. Thus, an expansion of C4 grasses likely reflects an increase in the relative effectiveness of the Australian summer monsoon, which controls summer precipitation over Lake Eyre. The data imply that the Australian monsoon was most effective between 45,000 and 65,000 years ago, least effective during the Last Glacial Maximum, and moderately effective during the Holocene.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Johnson -- Miller -- Fogel -- Magee -- Gagan -- Chivas -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 May 14;284(5417):1150-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 5251 Broad Branch Road, NW, Washington, DC 20015-1305, USA. Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research and Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0450.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10325221" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Ecosystem collapse in Pleistocene Australia and a human role in megafaunal extinction (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-07-09
    Description: Most of Australia's largest mammals became extinct 50,000 to 45,000 years ago, shortly after humans colonized the continent. Without exceptional climate change at that time, a human cause is inferred, but a mechanism remains elusive. A 140,000-year record of dietary delta(13)C documents a permanent reduction in food sources available to the Australian emu, beginning about the time of human colonization; a change replicated at three widely separated sites and in the marsupial wombat. We speculate that human firing of landscapes rapidly converted a drought-adapted mosaic of trees, shrubs, and nutritious grasslands to the modern fire-adapted desert scrub. Animals that could adapt survived; those that could not, became extinct.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miller, Gifford H -- Fogel, Marilyn L -- Magee, John W -- Gagan, Michael K -- Clarke, Simon J -- Johnson, Beverly J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jul 8;309(5732):287-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉INSTAAR and Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0450 USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16002615" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; Anthropology ; Australia ; Biomass ; *Birds ; Calcium Carbonate/chemistry ; Carbon Isotopes ; Climate ; Dental Enamel/chemistry ; *Diet ; Dromaiidae ; Durapatite/chemistry ; *Ecosystem ; Egg Shell/chemistry ; Environment ; Fires ; *Food Chain ; Geography ; Humans ; *Mammals ; Marsupialia ; *Plants ; Poaceae ; Population Dynamics ; Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molar heat capacity at constant volume for air from 67 to 300 K at pressures to 35 MPa (1994)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 15 (1994), S. 849-861 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: air ; calorimeter ; heat capacity ; high pressure ; isochoric
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of the molar heat capacity at constant volumeC v for air were conducted with an adiabatic calorimeter. Temperatures ranged from 67 to 300 K, and pressures ranged up to 35 MPa. Measurements were conducted at 17 densities which ranged from gas to highly compressed liquid states. In total, 227C v values were obtained. The air sample was prepared gravimetrically from research purity gases resulting in a mole fraction composition of 0.78112 N2 + 0.20966 O2 + 0.00922 Ar. The primary sources of uncertainty are the estimated temperature rise and the estimated quantity of substance in the calorimeter. Overall, the uncertainty (± 2σ) of theC v values is estimated to be less than ± 2% for the gas and ±0.5% for the liquid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01447098
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isochoricp-ϱ-T measurements on Difluoromethane (R32) from 142 to 396 K and pentafluoroethane (R125) from 178 to 398 K at pressures to 35 MPa (1996)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 17 (1996), S. 803-822 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: difluoromethane ; pentafluoroethane ; p-ϱ-T data ; saturated liquid ; vapor pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Thep-ϱ-T-relationships were measured for difluoromethane (R32) and pentafluoroethane (R125) by an isochoric method with gravimetric determinations of the amount of substance. Temperatures ranged from 142 to 396 K for R32 and from 178 to 398 K for R125, while pressures were up to 35 MPa. Measurements were conducted on compressed liquid samples. Determinations of vapor pressures were made for each substance. I have used vapor pressure data and thep-ϱ-T data to estimate saturated liquid densities by extrapolating each isochore to the vapor pressure, and determining the temperature and density at the intersection. Publishedp-ϱ-T data are in good agreement with this study. For thep ϱ T apparatus. the uncertainty of the temperature is ±0.03 K. and for pressure it is ±0.01%, atp 〉 3 MPa and ±0.05% atp 〈 3 MPa. The principal source of uncertainty is the cell volume (28.5193 cm3 at 0 K and 0 M Pa), which has a standard uncertainty of ±0.003 cm3. When all components of experimental uncertainty are considered. the expanded uncertainty (at the two-sigma level) of the density measurements is estimated to be 0.05%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01439191
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molar heat capacity at constant volume of difluoromethane (R32) and pentafluoroethane (R125) from the triple-point temperature to 345 K at pressures to 35 MPa (1996)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 17 (1996), S. 823-849 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: dilluoromethane ; enthalpy of fusion ; heat capacity ; pentaIluoroethane ; triple point ; vapor pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Molar heat capacities at constant volume (C v) of dill uoromethane (R32) and pentalluoroethane (R125) were measured with an adiabatic calorimeter. Temperatures ranged from their triple points to 345 K, and pressures up to 35 MPa. Measurements were conducted on the liquid in equilibrium with its vapor and on compressed liquid samples. The samples were of a high purity, verified by chemical analysis of each fluid. For the samples, calorimetric results were obtained for two-phase (C v (2) ), saturated liquid (C σ orC′ x ), and singlephase (C v) molar heat capacities. TheC σ data were used to estimate vapor pressures for values less than 0.3 MPa by applying a thermodynamic relationship between the saturated liquid heat capacity and the temperature derivatives of the vapor pressure. The triple-point temperature (T tr) and the enthalpy of fusion (Δfus H) were also measured for each substance. The principal sources of uncertainty are the temperature rise measurement and the change-ofvolume work adjustment. The expanded uncertainty (at the two-sigma level) forC v is estimated to be 0.7%, forC v (2) it is 0.5%, and forC σ it is 0.7%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01439192
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isochoric Heat Capacity Measurements for Binary Refrigerant Mixtures Containing Difluoromethane (R32), Pentafluoroethane (R125), 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (R134a), and Trifluoroethane (R143a) from 200 to 345 K at Pressures to 35 MPa (2000)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 21 (2000), S. 95-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: binary mixtures ; difluoromethane ; heat capacity ; pentafluoroethane ; R32 ; R125 ; R134a ; R143a ; 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane ; trifluoroethane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Molar heat capacities at constant volume C v were measured for binary refrigerant mixtures with an adiabatic calorimeter with gravimetric determinations of the amount of substance. Temperatures ranged from 200 to 345 K, while pressures extended up to 35 MPa. Measurements were conducted on liquid samples with equimolar compositions for the following binary systems: R32/R134a, R32/R125, R125/R134a, and R125/R143a. The uncertainty is 0.002 K for the temperature rise and is 0.2% for the change-of-volume work, which is the principal source of uncertainty. The expanded relative uncertainty (with a coverage factor k=2 and thus a two-standard deviation estimate) for C v is estimated to be 0.7%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006608921664
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Specific heats (C v) of saturated and compressed liquid and vapor carbon dioxide (1986)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 7 (1986), S. 1163-1182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: adiabatic calorimetry ; carbon dioxide ; heat capacity ; high pressure ; saturated liquid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Specific heats of saturated liquid carbon dioxide (C sat) have been measured in the temperature range 220 to 303 K. Specific heats at constant volume (C v) have been measured at 12 densities ranging from 0.2 to 2.5 times the critical density in the temperature range 233 to 330 K, with pressures varying from 3.4 to 32 MPa. The measurements have been conducted in an adiabatic constant-volume calorimeter of conventional design. Uncertainty of the specific heats is estimated to not exceed 2.0%. Comparisons are made with an extended Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation of state and with the results of other workers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00503973
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Subatmospheric Vapor Pressures for Fluoromethane (R41), 1,1-Difluoroethane (R152a), and 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane (R143a) Evaluated from Internal-Energy Measurements (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 20 (1999), S. 1467-1481 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: 1,1-difluoroethane ; fluoromethane ; internal energy ; refrigerants ; 1,1,1-trifluoroethane ; triple point ; two-phase region ; vapor pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Vapor pressures were evaluated from measured internal-energy changes ΔU (2) in the vapor+liquid two-phase region. The method employed a thermodynamic relationship between the derivative quantity (∂U (2)/∂V) T , the vapor pressure p σ, and its temperature derivative (∂p/∂T)σ. This method was applied at temperatures between the triple point and the normal boiling point of three substances: fluoromethane (R41), 1,1-difluoroethane (R152a), and 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (R143a). In the case of R41, vapor pressures up to 1 MPa were calculated to validate the technique at higher pressures. For R152a, the calculated vapor pressure at the triple-point temperature differed from a direct experimental measurement by less than the claimed uncertainty (5 Pa) of the measurement. The calculated vapor pressures for R41 helped to resolve discrepancies in several published vapor pressure sources. Agreement with experimentally measured vapor pressures for R152a and for R143a near the normal boiling point (101.325 kPa) was within the experimental uncertainty of approximately 0.04 kPa (0.04%) for the published measurements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021493106087
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crossover SAFT Equation of State and Thermodynamic Properties of Propan-1-ol (2000)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 21 (2000), S. 1373-1405 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: associating fluids, critical state ; crossover theory ; equation of state ; enthalpies ; heat capacities ; n-alkanols ; thermodynamic properties ; speed of sound ; vapor–liquid equilibrium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this work we have developed a new equation of state (EOS) for propan-1-ol on the basis of the crossover modification (CR) of the statistical-associating-fluid-theory (SAFT) EOS recently developed and applied to n-alkanes. The CR SAFT EOS reproduces the nonanalytical scaling laws in the asymptotic critical region and reduces to the analytical-classical SAFT EOS far away from the critical point. Unlike the previous crossover EOS, the new CR SAFT EOS is based on the parametric sine model for the universal crossover function and is able to represent analytically connected van der Waals loops in the metastable fluid region. The CR SAFT EOS contains 10 system-dependent parameters and allows an accurate representation of the thermodynamic properties of propan-1-ol over a wide range thermodynamic states including the asymptotic singular behavior in the nearest vicinity of the critical point. The EOS was tested against experimental isochoric and isobaric specific heats, speed of sound, PVT, and VLE data in and beyond the critical region. In the one-phase region, the CR SAFT equation represents the experimental values of pressure with an average absolute deviation (AAD) of less than 1% in the critical and supercritical regions and the liquid densities with an AAD of about 1%. A corresponding states principle is used for the extension of the new CR SAFT EOS for propan-1-ol to higher n-alkanols.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006657410862
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