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  • 1
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    Reassessment of the 1892 Laguna Salada Earthquake: Fault Kinematics and Rupture Patterns (2015)
    Seismological Society of America (SSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-12-02
    Description: We present the results of intensive field investigations of the scarp associated with the 23 February 1892 earthquake in northern Baja California. Newly recognized additional offsets suggest the rupture was about 58 km in length, twice as long as previous estimates. Slip produced in the 1892 event varied from purely dextral slip near the international border to roughly 1:1 oblique-normal slip farther south along the 2–4-km-deep portion of the Laguna Salada basin. The portion of the 1892 rupture with oblique-normal slip comprises a number of short, poorly organized, and discontinuous fault scarps with heights that vary in concert with their strike. Slip was linked farther south to a short, purely normal fault that forms a large releasing bend at the southern termination of the fault zone. Given the distribution of slip along the earthquake and a likely range of locking depths, we conclude the 1892 earthquake was between M w  7.1–7.3 in magnitude, consistent with previous estimates from macroseismic observations. The length of the Laguna Salada fault that ruptured in 1892 also accommodated minor normal sense displacement along much of its length in the recent 2010 M w  7.2 El Mayor–Cucapah earthquake, which guided the remapping effort. Online Material: Table of displacement measurements with uncertainty, location, waypoint number, soil unit designation, and the strike, dip, and type of feature measured.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Seismological Society of America (SSA)
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  • 2
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    Warm-air advection, air mass transformation and fog causes rapid ice melt (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-11
    Description: Direct observations during intense warm-air advection over the East Siberian Sea reveal a period of rapid sea-ice melt. A semi-stationary, high-pressure system north of the Bering Strait forced northward advection of warm, moist air from the continent. Air-mass transformation over melting sea ice formed a strong, surface-based temperature inversion in which dense fog formed. This induced a positive net longwave radiation at the surface, while reducing net solar radiation only marginally; the inversion also resulted in downward turbulent heat flux. The sum of these processes enhanced the surface energy flux by an average of ~15 W m −2 for a week. Satellite images before and after the episode show sea-ice concentrations decreasing from 〉 90% to ~50% over a large area affected by the air-mass transformation. We argue that this rapid melt was triggered by the increased heat flux from the atmosphere due to the warm-air advection.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
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    Application of Quantitative 19F and 1H NMR for Reaction Monitoring and In Situ Yield Determinations for an Early Stage Pharmaceutical Candidate (2011)
    American Chemical Society (ACS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-21
    Description: Analytical Chemistry DOI: 10.1021/ac202287y
    Print ISSN: 0003-2700
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-6882
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by American Chemical Society (ACS)
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  • 4
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    Spatial and temporal coherence between Amazon River discharge, salinity, and light absorption by colored organic carbon in western tropical Atlantic surface waters (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-07-23
    Description: The temporal evolution and spatial distribution of surface salinity and colored detrital matter (cdm) were evaluated within and adjacent to the Amazon River Plume. Study objectives were as follows: first, to document the spatial coherence between Amazon discharge, salinity, cdm, and the nature of the salinity-cdm relationship; second, to document the temporal and spatial variability of cdm along the trajectory of the low-salinity Amazon Plume, and third, to explore the departure of cdm from conservative mixing behavior along the plume trajectory into the open ocean. Time series (2003–2007) of surface salinity estimated using the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer–Earth Observing System and corresponding satellite cdm absorption (acdm) data documented a plume of freshened, colored water emanating from the Amazon. Salinity and acdm were generally coherent, but there were regions in which spatial patterns of salinity and acdm did not coincide. Salinity was oppositely phased with discharge, whereas acdm was in phase but lagged discharge and typically remained high after maximum discharge. Along the river plume trajectory, acdm was inversely correlated with salinity, yet there was considerable deviation from conservative mixing behavior during all seasons. Positive anomalies in a linear relationship between salinity and acdm corresponded to areas of enhanced satellite-retrieved net primary productivity, suggesting the importance of phytoplankton biomass or its subsequent remineralization as a source of cdm. Negative anomalies tended to predominate at the distal sections of the plume trajectories, an observation consistent with the process of photo-oxidation of cdm over observed time scales of days to weeks.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 5
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    On the variability of whitecap fraction using satellite-based observations (2013)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-19
    Description: Despite decades of effort to accurately quantify whitecap fraction W using in situ photography of the ocean surface, there remains significant scatter in estimates for any given 10 m wind speed ( U 10). It is believed that the resulting, commonly used, W ( U 10) parameterizations do not fully account for the true variability in W , by failing to incorporate the impact of the wave field and other environmental conditions. This paper attests to the variability in whitecap fraction attributed to these additional factors, by analyzing satellite-derived W estimates over the globe for a full year. A comparison is made between the wind speed dependence of satellite estimates and three W ( U 10) relationships formulated from in situ photographic data. The influence of various secondary factors on W is investigated once the dominant wind speed dependence is accounted for. The W retrieval's sensitivity to secondary forcings is dependent upon microwave frequency; at 37 GHz it varies by up to 25% of the mean at a given wind speed, while at 10 GHz it is a maximum of 8%. This results from a frequency-dependent sensitivity to foam depth; at 10 GHz predominantly foam from active breaking waves is detected, while at 37 GHz thin foam in residual whitecaps is also seen. Principal component analysis is used to rank variables by their success in accounting for variability in W . After wind speed, the most important secondary factor that accounts for variability in W is the wave field. A wind wave Reynolds number accounts for almost as much variability in W as wind speed.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
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    Global Distribution and Seasonal Dependence of Satellite-based Whitecap Fraction (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-05
    Description: [1]  We present the first study of global seasonal distributions of whitecap fraction, W , obtained from satellite-based radiometric observations. Satellite-based W incorporates variability from forcings other than wind speed, and can capture differences in W in initial and late lifetime stages. The satellite-based W is more uniform latitudinally than predictions from a widely used wind speed dependent parameterization, W ( U 10 ), formulated from in situ observations, being on average higher than the W ( U 10 ) predictions at low latitudes and lower at mid and high latitudes. This difference provides an explanation for the consistent geographical biases in sea spray aerosol concentration found in a number of large scale models. Satellite estimates of W would benefit air-sea interaction and remote sensing applications that use parameterizations in terms of W such as sea spray flux, gas transfer, and surface winds.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 7
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    Global water resources: vulnerability from climate change and population growth (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-07-15
    Description: The future adequacy of freshwater resources is difficult to assess, owing to a complex and rapidly changing geography of water supply and use. Numerical experiments combining climate model outputs, water budgets, and socioeconomic information along digitized river networks demonstrate that (i) a large proportion of the world's population is currently experiencing water stress and (ii) rising water demands greatly outweigh greenhouse warming in defining the state of global water systems to 2025. Consideration of direct human impacts on global water supply remains a poorly articulated but potentially important facet of the larger global change question.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vorosmarty, C J -- Green, P -- Salisbury, J -- Lammers, R B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 14;289(5477):284-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Water Systems Analysis Group, Complex Systems Research Center, Ocean Processes Analytical Laboratory, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, Earth Sciences Department, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10894773" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; *Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Fresh Water ; Global Health ; Humans ; *Population Growth ; Socioeconomic Factors ; *Water Supply
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 8
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    Seismic Properties of Rocks from the Flin Flon Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Camp (2016)
    Society of Economic Geologists (SEG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-15
    Description: Seismic properties of rocks from the Flin Flon volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) camp were determined to evaluate the suitability of seismic reflection imaging for mineral exploration and have subsequently aided interpretation of 2-D and 3-D seismic data acquired in the camp. Seismic impedances of Flin Flon rocks were determined from laboratory measurements of compressional and shear wave velocity (Vp, Vs) and density for 61 core samples. Complementary in situ measurements of Vp and density provided by sonic and density logs acquired in nine drill holes allow calculation of synthetic seismic responses. Sandstones of the Missi Group show low reflectivity with sparse strong internal reflections resulting from intrusions or thrust-interleaved mafic rocks. Basaltic sequences are generally moderately reflective due to variability in their composition, alteration, and the effects of foliation and shearing. The mine horizon, which hosts the known orebodies, should be reflective, based on the impedance contrast of constituent rhyolite and mafic igneous rocks and the presence of sulfide mineralization. However, reflectivity of this horizon should be variable due to the significant alteration of the footwall basalt. Ore zones (solid sulfide) should range from moderately to very highly reflective, depending on their sulfide compositions. Vertical seismic profiles demonstrate that contacts between major stratigraphic units (e.g., Missi Group contact with Hidden Formation volcanic rocks or felsic igneous rocks within the basalts) should produce significant reflections, whereas some of the internal reflectivity predicted for the basaltic sequences will not be as prevalent.
    Print ISSN: 0361-0128
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Society of Economic Geologists (SEG)
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  • 9
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    A Wave Roughness Reynolds Number Parameterization of the Sea Spray Source Flux (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-07-31
    Description: [1]  Parameterizations of the sea-spray aerosol source flux are derived as functions of wave roughness Reynolds numbers, R Ha and R Hw , for particles with radii between 0.176 and 6.61 µm at 80% relative humidity. These source functions account for up to twice the variance in the observations than does wind speed alone. This is the first such direct demonstration of the impact of wave state on the variability of sea-spray aerosol production. Global ECMWF operational mode fields are used to drive the parameterizations; the source flux from the R H parameterizations vary from approximately 0.1 to 3 (R Ha ) and 5 (R Hw ) times that from a wind-speed parameterization derived from the same measurements where the wave state is substantially under- or over-developed, respectively, compared to the equilibrium wave state at the local wind speed.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 10
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    Carbon budget of tidal wetlands, estuaries, and shelf waters of Eastern North America (2018)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-21
    Description: Carbon cycling in the coastal zone affects global carbon budgets and is critical for understanding the urgent issues of hypoxia, acidification, and tidal wetland loss. However, there are no regional carbon budgets spanning the three main ecosystems in coastal waters: tidal wetlands, estuaries, and shelf waters. Here, we construct such a budget for Eastern North America using historical data, empirical models, remote-sensing algorithms, and process-based models. Considering the net fluxes of total carbon at the domain boundaries, 59 ± 12% (± 2 standard errors) of the carbon entering is from rivers and 41 ± 12% is from the atmosphere, while 80 ± 9% of the carbon leaving is exported to the open ocean and 20 ± 9% is buried. Net lateral carbon transfers between the three main ecosystem types are comparable to fluxes at the domain boundaries. Each ecosystem type contributes substantially to exchange with the atmosphere, with CO 2 uptake split evenly between tidal wetlands and shelf waters, and estuarine CO 2 outgassing offsetting half of the uptake. Similarly, burial is about equal in tidal wetlands and shelf waters, while estuaries play a smaller but still substantial role. The importance of tidal wetlands and estuaries in the overall budget is remarkable given that they respectively make up only 2.4 and 8.9% of the study domain area. This study shows that coastal carbon budgets should explicitly include tidal wetlands, estuaries, shelf waters and the linkages between them; ignoring any of them may produce a biased picture of coastal carbon cycling.
    Print ISSN: 0886-6236
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-9224
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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