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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2015-03-18
    Description: The K+/Cl– cotransporter (KCC2) allows adult neurons to maintain low intracellular Cl– levels, which are a prerequisite for efficient synaptic inhibition upon activation of γ-aminobutyric acid receptors. Deficits in KCC2 activity are implicated in epileptogenesis, but how increased neuronal activity leads to transporter inactivation is ill defined. In vitro, the...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 2
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    Wiley
    In:  Chichester, 2nd ed., xvii + 517 pp., Wiley, vol. 5, no. 22, pp. 662-664, (ISBN 0-470-87000-1 (HB), ISBN 0-470-87001-X (PB))
    Publication Date: 2005
    Keywords: GIS ; Textbook of informatics ; Textbook of geography ; geography ; management ; policy
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2016-07-27
    Description: Long-term data sets provide unique opportunities to examine temporal variability of key ecosystem processes. The need for such datasets is becoming increasingly important as we try to quantify the impact of human activities across various scales and in some cases, as we try to determine the success of management interventions. Unfortunately, long-term benthic flux data sets for coastal ecosystems are rare and curating them is a challenge. If we wish to make our data available to others now and into the future however, then we need to provide mechanisms that allow others to understand our methods, access the data, reproduce the results, and see updates as they become available. Here we use techniques, learned through the EarthCube Ontosoft Geoscience Paper of the Future project, to develop best practices to allow us to share a long-term data set of directly measured net sediment N 2 fluxes and sediment oxygen demand at two sites in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island (USA). This technical report describes the process we used, the challenges we faced, and the steps we will take in the future to ensure transparency and reproducibility. By developing these data and software sharing tools we hope to help disseminate well-curated data with provenance as well as products from these data, so that the community can better assess how this temperate estuary has changed over time. We also hope to provide a data sharing model for others to follow so that long-term estuarine data is more easily shared and not lost over time. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Electronic ISSN: 2333-5084
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of The American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2015-02-14
    Description: Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) have been proposed to be much better distance indicators at near-infrared (NIR) compared to optical wavelengths – the effect of dust extinction is expected to be lower and it has been shown that SNe Ia behave more like ‘standard candles’ at NIR wavelengths. To better understand the physical processes behind this increased uniformity, we have studied the Y , J and H -filter light curves of 91 SNe Ia from the literature. We show that the phases and luminosities of the first maximum in the NIR light curves are extremely uniform for our sample. The phase of the second maximum, the late-phase NIR luminosity and the optical light-curve shape are found to be strongly correlated, in particular more luminous SNe Ia reach the second maximum in the NIR filters at a later phase compared to fainter objects. We also find a strong correlation between the phase of the second maximum and the epoch at which the SN enters the Lira law phase in its optical colour curve (epochs ~ 15 to 30 d after B -band maximum). The decline rate after the second maximum is very uniform in all NIR filters. We suggest that these observational parameters are linked to the nickel and iron mass in the explosion, providing evidence that the amount of nickel synthesized in the explosion is the dominating factor shaping the optical and NIR appearance of SNe Ia.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2015-11-20
    Description: Plants that store nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) may rely on carbon reserves to survive carbon-limiting stress, assuming that reserves can be mobilized. We asked whether carbon reserves decrease in resource stressed seedlings, and if NSC allocation is related to species' relative stress tolerances. We tested the effects of stress (shade, drought, and defoliation) on NSC in seedlings of five temperate tree species ( Acer rubrum Marsh., Betula papyrifera Marsh ., Fraxinus americana L ., Quercus rubra L., and Quercus velutina Lam.). In a greenhouse experiment, seedlings were subjected to combinations of shade, drought, and defoliation. We harvested seedlings over 32–97 days and measured biomass and NSC concentrations in stems and roots to estimate depletion rates. For all species and treatments, except for defoliation, seedling growth and NSC accumulation ceased. Shade and drought combined caused total NSC decreases in all species. For shade or drought alone, only some species experienced decreases. Starch followed similar patterns as total NSC, but soluble sugars increased under drought for drought-tolerant species. These results provide evidence that species deplete stored carbon in response to carbon limiting stress and that species differences in NSC response may be important for understanding carbon depletion as a buffer against shade- and drought-induced mortality. We observed a decrease in stored carbon in five species of temperate deciduous tree seedlings in response to shade and drought. In drought, starch reserves, but not total NSC decreased in all species, and soluble sugars increased. These results provide evidence that species deplete stored carbon in response to carbon limiting stress and suggest that susceptibility to carbon starvation depends both on the species and the type of stress.
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-7758
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Wiley
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2014-10-11
    Description: Western hemlock ( Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) is a major commercial tree species in western Oregon and Washington and is often associated with coast Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var menziesii ) and other species in coniferous forests of the Coast Ranges and Cascade Mountains. Growth of Douglas-fir in many coastal forests has been negatively affected by Swiss needle cast (SNC), a foliar disease caused by the ascomycete Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii (T. Rohde) Petr. and characterized by premature foliage loss on severely infected Douglas-fir trees. The effect of SNC on stand dynamics in mixed Douglas-fir-western hemlock stands was tested by constructing a diameter increment model for western hemlock that quantified its growth response to varying SNC severity in Douglas-fir. Diameter increment of western hemlock in any given growth period increased with increasing initial SNC severity as measured by Douglas-fir foliage retention (FR), here defined as the number of annual needle cohorts held by the tree. Furthermore, a decline in Douglas-fir FR during the growth period was associated with an additional increase in diameter increment of western hemlock trees. Assuming no change in FR over the growth period, western hemlock trees in stands with severely impacted Douglas-fir (initial FR ≤1.5 years) averaged 79 per cent greater diameter growth than that in relatively healthy stands (initial Douglas-fir FR ≥3.5 years). The implied annual diameter growth response of a western hemlock with initial diameter at breast height of 10, 20, 30 or 40 cm was 0.29, 0.52, 0.65 and 0.68 cm year –1 , respectively. Compensatory growth by western hemlock in mixed-species stands alters stand dynamics by allowing this species to surpass the growth of Douglas-fir experiencing severe SNC.
    Print ISSN: 0015-752X
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-3626
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1998-05-23
    Description: The cooperativity between binding of cell wall precursor analogs (ligands) to and antibiotic dimerization of the clinically important vancomycin group antibiotics was investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance. When dimerization was weak in the absence of a ligand, the increase in the dimerization constant in the presence of a ligand derived largely from changes associated with tightening of the dimer interface. When dimerization was strong in the absence of a ligand, the increase in the dimerization constant in the presence of a ligand derived largely from changes associated with tightening of the ligand-antibiotic interface. These results illustrate how, when a protein has a loose structure, the binding energy of another molecule to the protein can derive in part from changes occurring within the protein.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Williams, D H -- Maguire, A J -- Tsuzuki, W -- Westwell, M S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 1;280(5364):711-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cambridge Centre for Molecular Recognition, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK. dhw1@cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9563941" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anti-Bacterial Agents/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Dimerization ; Glycopeptides ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Ligands ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Oligopeptides/chemistry/*metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Ristocetin/analogs & derivatives/chemistry/metabolism ; Thermodynamics ; Vancomycin/analogs & derivatives/chemistry/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2012-04-13
    Description: Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are believed to have genetic and environmental origins, yet in only a modest fraction of individuals can specific causes be identified. To identify further genetic risk factors, here we assess the role of de novo mutations in ASD by sequencing the exomes of ASD cases and their parents (n = 175 trios). Fewer than half of the cases (46.3%) carry a missense or nonsense de novo variant, and the overall rate of mutation is only modestly higher than the expected rate. In contrast, the proteins encoded by genes that harboured de novo missense or nonsense mutations showed a higher degree of connectivity among themselves and to previous ASD genes as indexed by protein-protein interaction screens. The small increase in the rate of de novo events, when taken together with the protein interaction results, are consistent with an important but limited role for de novo point mutations in ASD, similar to that documented for de novo copy number variants. Genetic models incorporating these data indicate that most of the observed de novo events are unconnected to ASD; those that do confer risk are distributed across many genes and are incompletely penetrant (that is, not necessarily sufficient for disease). Our results support polygenic models in which spontaneous coding mutations in any of a large number of genes increases risk by 5- to 20-fold. Despite the challenge posed by such models, results from de novo events and a large parallel case-control study provide strong evidence in favour of CHD8 and KATNAL2 as genuine autism risk factors.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3613847/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3613847/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Neale, Benjamin M -- Kou, Yan -- Liu, Li -- Ma'ayan, Avi -- Samocha, Kaitlin E -- Sabo, Aniko -- Lin, Chiao-Feng -- Stevens, Christine -- Wang, Li-San -- Makarov, Vladimir -- Polak, Paz -- Yoon, Seungtai -- Maguire, Jared -- Crawford, Emily L -- Campbell, Nicholas G -- Geller, Evan T -- Valladares, Otto -- Schafer, Chad -- Liu, Han -- Zhao, Tuo -- Cai, Guiqing -- Lihm, Jayon -- Dannenfelser, Ruth -- Jabado, Omar -- Peralta, Zuleyma -- Nagaswamy, Uma -- Muzny, Donna -- Reid, Jeffrey G -- Newsham, Irene -- Wu, Yuanqing -- Lewis, Lora -- Han, Yi -- Voight, Benjamin F -- Lim, Elaine -- Rossin, Elizabeth -- Kirby, Andrew -- Flannick, Jason -- Fromer, Menachem -- Shakir, Khalid -- Fennell, Tim -- Garimella, Kiran -- Banks, Eric -- Poplin, Ryan -- Gabriel, Stacey -- DePristo, Mark -- Wimbish, Jack R -- Boone, Braden E -- Levy, Shawn E -- Betancur, Catalina -- Sunyaev, Shamil -- Boerwinkle, Eric -- Buxbaum, Joseph D -- Cook, Edwin H Jr -- Devlin, Bernie -- Gibbs, Richard A -- Roeder, Kathryn -- Schellenberg, Gerard D -- Sutcliffe, James S -- Daly, Mark J -- KL2 RR024977/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- P30 HD015052/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- P50 GM071558/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P50 HD055751/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH057881/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH061009/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH089004/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH089025/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH089175/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH089208/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH089482/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01MH084676/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01MH089175/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01MH089208/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM007753/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- TL1 RR024978/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG003067/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG003273/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- UL1 RR024975/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Apr 4;485(7397):242-5. doi: 10.1038/nature11011.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22495311" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Autistic Disorder/*genetics ; Case-Control Studies ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*genetics ; Exome/genetics ; Exons/*genetics ; Family Health ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease/*genetics ; Humans ; Models, Genetic ; Multifactorial Inheritance/genetics ; Mutation/*genetics ; Phenotype ; Poisson Distribution ; Protein Interaction Maps ; Transcription Factors/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1994-07-08
    Description: A gene encoding a 35-kilodalton guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding protein, Gem, was cloned from mitogen-induced human peripheral blood T cells. Gem and Rad, the product of a gene overexpressed in skeletal muscle in individuals with Type II diabetes, constitute a new family of Ras-related GTP-binding proteins. The distinct structural features of this family include the G3 GTP-binding motif, extensive amino- and carboxyl-terminal extensions beyond the Ras-related domain, and a motif that determines membrane association. Gem was transiently expressed in human peripheral blood T cells in response to mitogenic stimulation; the protein was phosphorylated on tyrosine residues and localized to the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. Deregulated Gem expression prevented proliferation of normal and transformed 3T3 cells. These results suggest that Gem is a regulatory protein, possibly participating in receptor-mediated signal transduction at the plasma membrane.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Maguire, J -- Santoro, T -- Jensen, P -- Siebenlist, U -- Yewdell, J -- Kelly, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Jul 8;265(5169):241-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7912851" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism ; Cell Death ; Cell Division ; Cell Line ; Cell Line, Transformed ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; GTP-Binding Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Genes, ras ; Guanosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Humans ; Immediate-Early Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins ; Mutation ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Transfection ; *ras Proteins
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2016-11-30
    Description: We present the discovery and first three months of follow-up observations of a currently on-going unusual transient detected by the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE-IV) survey, located in the centre of a galaxy at redshift z = 0.1655. The long rise to absolute magnitude of –20.5 mag, slow decline, very broad He and H spectral features make OGLE16aaa similar to other optical/UV tidal disruption events (TDEs). Weak narrow emission lines in the spectrum and archival photometric observations suggest the host galaxy is a weak-line active galactic nucleus, which has been accreting at higher rate in the past. OGLE16aaa, along with SDSS J0748, seems to form a sub-class of TDEs by weakly or recently active supermassive black holes (SMBHs). This class might bridge the TDEs by quiescent SMBHs and flares observed as ‘changing-look quasars’, if we interpret the latter as TDEs. If this picture is true, the previously applied requirement for identifying a flare as a TDE that it had to come from an inactive nucleus, could be leading to observational bias in TDE selection, thus affecting TDE-rate estimations.
    Print ISSN: 1745-3925
    Electronic ISSN: 1745-3933
    Topics: Physics
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