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  • 1
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    MOS7 role during reproductive development [Plant Biology] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-24
    Description: Angiosperm reproduction is characterized by alternate diploid sporophytic and haploid gametophytic generations. Gametogenesis shares similarities with that of animals except for the formation of the gametophyte, whereby haploid cells undergo several rounds of postmeiotic mitosis to form gametes and the accessory cells required for successful reproduction. The mechanisms regulating gametophyte...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 2
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    Bulk layered heterojunction as an efficient electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-01
    Description: We describe the spontaneous formation of composite chalcogenide materials that consist of two-dimensional (2D) materials dispersed in bulk and their unusual charge transport properties for application in hydrogen evolution reactions (HERs). When MoS 2 as a representative 2D material is deposited on transition metals (such as Cu) in a controlled manner, the sulfidation reactions also occur with the metal. This process results in remarkably unique structures, that is, bulk layered heterojunctions (BLHJs) of Cu–Mo–S that contain MoS 2 flakes inside, which are uniformly dispersed in the Cu 2 S matrix. The resulting structures were expected to induce asymmetric charge transfer via layered frameworks and tested as electrocatalysts for HERs. Upon suitable thermal treatments, the BLHJ surfaces exhibited the efficient HER performance of approximately 10 mA/cm 2 at a potential of –0.1 V versus a reversible hydrogen electrode. The Tafel slope was approximately 30 to 40 mV per decade. The present strategy was further generalized by demonstrating the formation of BLHJs on other transition metals, such as Ni. The resulting BLHJs of Ni–Mo–S also showed the remarkable HER performance and the stable operation over 10 days without using Pt counter electrodes by eliminating any possible issues on the Pt contamination.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Fast-ion transport in qmin〉2, high-β steady-state scenarios on DIII-Da) (2015)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-23
    Description: Results from experiments on DIII-D [J. L. Luxon, Fusion Sci. Technol. 48 , 828 (2005)] aimed at developing high β steady-state operating scenarios with high- q min confirm that fast-ion transport is a critical issue for advanced tokamak development using neutral beam injection current drive. In DIII-D, greater than 11 MW of neutral beam heating power is applied with the intent of maximizing β N and the noninductive current drive. However, in scenarios with q min 〉 2 that target the typical range of q 95 = 5–7 used in next-step steady-state reactor models, Alfvén eigenmodes cause greater fast-ion transport than classical models predict. This enhanced transport reduces the absorbed neutral beam heating power and current drive and limits the achievable β N . In contrast, similar plasmas except with q min just above 1 have approximately classical fast-ion transport. Experiments that take q min 〉 3 plasmas to higher β P with q 95 = 11–12 for testing long pulse operation exhibit regimes of better than expected thermal confinement. Compared to the standard high- q min scenario, the high β P cases have shorter slowing-down time and lower ∇ β fast , and this reduces the drive for Alfvénic modes, yielding nearly classical fast-ion transport, high values of normalized confinement, β N , and noninductive current fraction. These results suggest DIII-D might obtain better performance in lower- q 95 , high- q min plasmas using broader neutral beam heating profiles and increased direct electron heating power to lower the drive for Alfvén eigenmodes.
    Print ISSN: 1070-664X
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7674
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 4
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    Shear strength and structural behaviours of HPRWO with web openings with circular steel tubes (2015)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-12-11
    Description: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the shear strength and structural behavior of reinforced-concrete beams with web openings (hereinafter, “HPRWO”), where the web openings are reinforced with circular steel tubes. The experiments were conducted under the monotonic loading condition. Based on the structural experiments involving HPRWO, ultimate load ratio (d 0 ,d 0 /h, etc.), ductility, load-deflection curve, and failure mode comparisons were made for evaluation purposes. This study utilized the design formula for predicting the shear strength proposed by the previous studies and formulas to determine the appropriate shear strength for HPRWO. The results of the experiments confirmed that the rigidity, ductility, and other properties of the HPRWO specimens reinforced with circular steel tubes, fiber, and admixtures were superior to those of the unreinforced HPRWOs. With Mansur's formula, a noticeable tendency for the increase in d 0 and the sectio...
    Print ISSN: 1757-8981
    Electronic ISSN: 1757-899X
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Institute of Physics (IOP)
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  • 5
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    Gene-gene interaction analysis for the survival phenotype based on the Cox model (2012)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-09-08
    Description: Motivation: For the past few decades, many statistical methods in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been developed to identify SNP–SNP interactions for case-control studies. However, there has been less work for prospective cohort studies, involving the survival time. Recently, Gui et al. (2011) proposed a novel method, called Surv-MDR, for detecting gene–gene interactions associated with survival time. Surv-MDR is an extension of the multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) method to the survival phenotype by using the log-rank test for defining a binary attribute. However, the Surv-MDR method has some drawbacks in the sense that it needs more intensive computations and does not allow for a covariate adjustment. In this article, we propose a new approach, called Cox-MDR, which is an extension of the generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) to the survival phenotype by using a martingale residual as a score to classify multi-level genotypes as high- and low-risk groups. The advantages of Cox-MDR over Surv-MDR are to allow for the effects of discrete and quantitative covariates in the frame of Cox regression model and to require less computation than Surv-MDR. Results: Through simulation studies, we compared the power of Cox-MDR with those of Surv-MDR and Cox regression model for various heritability and minor allele frequency combinations without and with adjusting for covariate. We found that Cox-MDR and Cox regression model perform better than Surv-MDR for low minor allele frequency of 0.2, but Surv-MDR has high power for minor allele frequency of 0.4. However, when the effect of covariate is adjusted for, Cox-MDR and Cox regression model perform much better than Surv-MDR. We also compared the performance of Cox-MDR and Surv-MDR for a real data of leukemia patients to detect the gene–gene interactions with the survival time. Contact: leesy@sejong.ac.kr ; tspark@snu.ac.kr
    Print ISSN: 1367-4803
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2059
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 6
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    Transmission electron microscopy study of microstructural properties and dislocation characterization in the GaN film grown on the cone-shaped patterned Al2O3 substrate (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-12
    Description: Growing a GaN film on a patterned Al 2 O 3 substrate is one of the methods of reducing threading dislocations (TDs), which can significantly deteriorate the performance of GaN-based LEDs. In this study, the microstructural details of the GaN film grown on a cone-shaped patterned Al 2 O 3 substrate were investigated using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and weak-beam dark-field techniques. Various defects such as misfit dislocations (MDs), recrystallized GaN (R-GaN) islands and nano-voids were observed on the patterned Al 2 O 3 surfaces, i.e. the flat surface (FS), the inclined surface (IS) and the top surface (TS), respectively. Especially, the crystallographic orientation of R-GaN between the GaN film and the inclined Al 2 O 3 substrate was identified as $[\overline 1 2\overline 1 0]_{{\rm GaN}} \hbox{//}[\overline 1 101]_{{\rm R - GaN} \,{\rm on}\,{\rm IS}} \hbox{//}[\overline 1 100]_{ {{\rm Al}} _{\rm 2} {\rm O}_{\rm 3}} $ , $(\overline 1 012)_{{\rm GaN}} \hbox{//}(1\overline 1 02)_{{\rm R - Ga}\,{\rm Non}\,{\rm IS}} \hbox{//}(\overline {11} 26)_{ {{\rm Al}} _{\rm 2} {\rm O}_{\rm 3}} $ . In addition, a rotation by 9° between $(10\overline 1 1)_{{\rm R - GaN}} $ and $(0002)_{{\rm GaN}} $ and between $(10\overline 1 1)_{{\rm R - GaN}} $ and $(0006)_{ {{\rm Al}} _{\rm 2} {\rm O}_{\rm 3}} $ was found to reduce the lattice mismatch between the GaN film and the Al 2 O 3 substrate. Many TDs in the GaN film were observed on the FS and TS of Al 2 O 3 . However, few TDs were observed on the IS. Most of the TDs generated from the FS of Al 2 O 3 were bent to the inclined facet rather than propagating to the GaN surface, resulting in a reduction in the dislocation density. Most of the TDs generated from the TS of Al 2 O 3 were characterized as edge dislocations.
    Print ISSN: 0022-0744
    Electronic ISSN: 1477-9986
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Japanese Electron Microscopy Society.
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  • 7
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    Inhibition of Ninjurin 1 in erectile dysfunction [Medical Sciences] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-07-02
    Description: Penile erection is a neurovascular phenomenon, and erectile dysfunction (ED) is caused mainly by vascular risk factors or diseases, neurologic abnormalities, and hormonal disturbances. Men with diabetic ED often have severe endothelial dysfunction and peripheral nerve damage, which result in poor response to oral phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors. Nerve injury-induced protein 1...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 8
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    Identification of Creb3l4 as an essential negative regulator of adipogenesis (2014)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-11-21
    Description: Identification of Creb3l4 as an essential negative regulator of adipogenesis Cell Death and Disease 5, e1527 (November 2014). doi:10.1038/cddis.2014.490 Authors: T-H Kim, S-H Jo, H Choi, J-M Park, M-Y Kim, H Nojima, J-W Kim & Y-H Ahn
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4889
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 9
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    Macrophage apoptosis by anthrax lethal factor through p38 MAP kinase inhibition (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-08-31
    Description: The bacterium Bacillus anthracis causes the death of macrophages, which may allow it to avoid detection by the innate immune system. We found that B. anthracis lethal factor (LF) selectively induces apoptosis of activated macrophages by cleaving the amino-terminal extension of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinases (MKKs) that activate p38 MAPKs. Because macrophages that are deficient in transcription factor nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) are also sensitive to activation-induced death and p38 is required for expression of certain NF-kappaB target genes, p38 is probably essential for synergistic induction of those NF-kappaB target genes that prevent apoptosis of activated macrophages. This dismantling of the p38 MAPK module represents a strategy used by B. anthracis to paralyze host innate immunity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Park, Jin Mo -- Greten, Florian R -- Li, Zhi-Wei -- Karin, Michael -- AI43477/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- ES04151/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- ES06376/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- ES10337/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Sep 20;297(5589):2048-51. Epub 2002 Aug 29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0636, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12202685" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Antigens, Bacterial ; *Apoptosis ; Bacterial Toxins/*toxicity ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/genetics/metabolism ; Carrier Proteins/*toxicity ; Cell Line ; Enzyme Activation ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Gene Expression ; I-kappa B Kinase ; Imidazoles/pharmacology ; Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology ; MAP Kinase Kinase 3 ; MAP Kinase Kinase 6 ; MAP Kinase Signaling System ; Macrophage Activation ; Macrophages/enzymology/immunology/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/genetics/metabolism ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/*antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; NF-kappa B/genetics/metabolism ; Necrosis ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics/metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics/metabolism ; Pyridines/pharmacology ; Teichoic Acids/pharmacology ; Transcription Factor RelA ; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 10
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    A method for single-neuron chronic recording from the retina in awake mice (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-29
    Description: The retina, which processes visual information and sends it to the brain, is an excellent model for studying neural circuitry. It has been probed extensively ex vivo but has been refractory to chronic in vivo electrophysiology. We report a nonsurgical method to achieve chronically stable in vivo recordings from single retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in awake mice. We developed a noncoaxial intravitreal injection scheme in which injected mesh electronics unrolls inside the eye and conformally coats the highly curved retina without compromising normal eye functions. The method allows 16-channel recordings from multiple types of RGCs with stable responses to visual stimuli for at least 2 weeks, and reveals circadian rhythms in RGC responses over multiple day/night cycles.
    Keywords: Neuroscience, Techniques
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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