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  • 1
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    Distinctive cranial and cervical innervation of wing muscles: new evidence for bat monophyly (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-02-22
    Description: The traditional view that Old World fruit bats (Megachiroptera) and insect bats (Microchiroptera) are closely related has been challenged by claims that Megachiroptera are the sister group to flying lemurs (Dermoptera) or Primates. We found that the specialized muscles of the rostral part of the wing in Microchiroptera and Megachiroptera receive double innervation by both the facial nerve and cervical spinal nerves, suggesting that bats are monophyletic. Innervation by the facial nerve also occurs in Dermoptera and suggests that bats and Dermoptera share a common ancestor that had wings.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thewissen, J G -- Babcock, S K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Feb 22;251(4996):934-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Anthropology and Anatomy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2000493" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chiroptera/*physiology ; Cranial Nerves/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Flight, Animal ; Muscles/*innervation ; Phylogeny ; Species Specificity ; Spinal Nerves/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Wings, Animal/innervation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Fossil evidence for the origin of aquatic locomotion in archaeocete whales (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-01-14
    Description: Recent members of the order Cetacea (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) move in the water by vertical tail beats and cannot locomote on land. Their hindlimbs are not visible externally and the bones are reduced to one or a few splints that commonly lack joints. However, cetaceans originated from four-legged land mammals that used their limbs for locomotion and were probably apt runners. Because there are no relatively complete limbs for archaic archaeocete cetaceans, it is not known how the transition in locomotory organs from land to water occurred. Recovery of a skeleton of an early fossil cetacean from the Kuldana Formation, Pakistan, documents transitional modes of locomotion, and allows hypotheses concerning swimming in early cetaceans to be tested. The fossil indicates that archaic whales swam by undulating their vertebral column, thus forcing their feet up and down in a way similar to modern otters. Their movements on land probably resembled those of sea lions to some degree, and involved protraction and retraction of the abducted limbs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thewissen, J G -- Hussain, S T -- Arif, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Jan 14;263(5144):210-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17839179" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    LATERAL MANDIBULAR WALL THICKNESS IN TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS: VARIATION DUE TO SEX AND AGE (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 20 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In odontocetes the mandibular bone serves two functions: to capture prey, and as a means of the reception and transmission of sound waves through a fat body in the mandibular canal, which opens posteriorly as the mandibular foramen. The posterior part of the lateral wall of the odontocete mandible is thin, and appears to represent a compromise between a strong mandible for prey capture and a thin vibrating plate for hearing. We studied the intraspecific variation of minimum thickness of the lateral mandibular wall along four transects (T1-T4) at the area of the mandibular foramen, in relation to the skull size and the mandibular size in different-aged bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus (18 females between 1 and 42 yr, 17 males between 1 and 32 yr). The minimum thickness was absolutely at its lowest at the most posterior transect T1, but did not vary significantly between the sexes or between the ages. The minimum thickness varied significantly at the two most anterior transects, T3 and T4, both between the sexes and among the ages. The thickness increased throughout life among males, whereas in females it first increased and then starts to decrease around the age of 20.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2004.tb01174.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE EARLY RADIATIONS OF CETACEA (MAMMALIA): Evolutionary Pattern and Developmental Correlations (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 33 (2002), S. 73-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4162
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The origin and early evolution of Cetacea (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) is one of the best examples of macroevolution as documented by fossils. Early whales are divided into six families that differ greatly in their habitats, which varied from land to freshwater, coastal waters, and fully marine. Early cetaceans lived in the Eocene (55-37 million years ago), and they show an enormous morphological diversity. Toward the end of the Eocene the modern cetacean body plan originated, and this body plan remained more or less the same in the subsequent evolution. It is possible that some aspects of this body plan are rooted in constraints that are dictated by cetacean embryol ogic development and controlled by genes that affect many organ systems at once. It may be possible to use a study of patterns of correlations among morphological traits to test hypotheses of developmental links among organ systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.020602.095426
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vestibular evidence for the evolution of aquatic behaviour in early cetaceans (2002)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 417 (2002), S. 163-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Early cetaceans evolved from terrestrial quadrupeds to obligate swimmers, a change that is traditionally studied by functional analysis of the postcranial skeleton. Here we assess the evolution of cetacean locomotor behaviour from an independent perspective by looking at the ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/417163a
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Skeletons of terrestrial cetaceans and the relationship of whales to artiodactyls (2001)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 413 (2001), S. 277-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Modern members of the mammalian order Cetacea (whales, dolphins and porpoises) are obligate aquatic swimmers that are highly distinctive in morphology, lacking hair and hind limbs, and having flippers, flukes, and a streamlined body. Eocene fossils document much of cetaceans' land-to-water ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35095005
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolution of cetacean osmoregulation (1996)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 381 (1996), S. 379-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR - Cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises) underwent dramatic changes during their evolutionary transformation from four-footed land animals to obligate swimmers. The morphological aspects of this transition have only recently been documented with fossils1'2 and provide a striking example of ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/381379b0
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Whale ankles and evolutionary relationships (1998)
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 395 (1998), S. 452-452 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] There are two main hypotheses for the relationships of the mammalian order Cetacea (comprising whales, dolphins and porpoises). The first hypothesis, mainly supported by DNA sequence data,, is that one of the groups of artiodactyls (for example, the hippopotamids) is the closest extant relative ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/26656
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolutionary biology Even-toed fingerprints on whale ancestry (1997)
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 388 (1997), S. 622-623 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Both morphological and molecular studies indicate that cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises) and artiodactyls (even-toed ungulates, which include pigs, hippos, camels and ruminants) form a clade or monophyletic group — that is, they have a common ancestor that is not shared by any ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/388622a0
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Origin of underwater hearing in whales (1993)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 361 (1993), S. 444-445 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In 1991 and 1992, we collected jaws and ear bones of the oldest known whale, the archaeocete Pakicetus5'6, in an early Eocene river-deposited conglomerate in the Kala Chitta Hills of Pakistan (Locality 62). Here we discuss implications of these fossils for (1) the function of the ancestral whale ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/361444a0
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