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  • 1
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    Legume pectate lyase required for root infection by rhizobia [Plant Biology] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-01-12
    Description: To allow rhizobial infection of legume roots, plant cell walls must be locally degraded for plant-made infection threads (ITs) to be formed. Here we identify a Lotus japonicus nodulation pectate lyase gene (LjNPL), which is induced in roots and root hairs by rhizobial nodulation (Nod) factors via activation of the nodulation signaling pathway and the NIN transcription factor. Two Ljnpl mutants produced uninfected nodules and most infections arrested as infection foci in root hairs or roots. The few partially infected nodules that did form contained large abnormal infections. The purified LjNPL protein had pectate lyase activity, demonstrating that this activity is required for rhizobia to penetrate the cell wall and initiate formation of plant-made infection threads. Therefore, we conclude that legume-determined degradation of plant cell walls is required for root infection during initiation of the symbiotic interaction between rhizobia and legumes.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 2
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    Functional vascularized lung grafts for lung bioengineering (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-08-31
    Description: End-stage lung disease is the third leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for 400,000 deaths per year in the United States alone. To reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with lung disease, new therapeutic strategies aimed at promoting lung repair and increasing the number of donor lungs available for transplantation are being explored. Because of the extreme complexity of this organ, previous attempts at bioengineering functional lungs from fully decellularized or synthetic scaffolds lacking functional vasculature have been largely unsuccessful. An intact vascular network is critical not only for maintaining the blood-gas barrier and allowing for proper graft function but also for supporting the regenerative cells. We therefore developed an airway-specific approach to removing the pulmonary epithelium, while maintaining the viability and function of the vascular endothelium, using a rat model. The resulting vascularized lung grafts supported the attachment and growth of human adult pulmonary cells and stem cell–derived lung-specified epithelial cells. We propose that de-epithelialization of the lung with preservation of intact vasculature could facilitate cell therapy of pulmonary epithelium and enable bioengineering of functional lungs for transplantation.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    What Drives Commodity Prices? (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-02
    Description: This article examines common forces that drive the prices of 51 tradable commodities. We demonstrate that highly persistent movements of these prices are mostly due to the first common component, which is closely related to the U.S. nominal exchange rate. In particular, our simple factor-based model outperforms the random walk model in out-of-sample forecast for the U.S. exchange rate. The second common factor and de-factored idiosyncratic components are consistent with stationarity, implying short-lived deviations from the equilibrium price dynamics. In concert, these results provide an intriguing resolution to the apparent inconsistency that arises from stable markets with nonstationary prices.
    Keywords: C53 - Forecasting and Other Model Applications, F31 - Foreign Exchange
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-8276
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 4
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    Hypothalamic POMC neurons promote cannabinoid-induced feeding (2015)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-25
    Description: Hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons promote satiety. Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) is critical for the central regulation of food intake. Here we test whether CB1R-controlled feeding in sated mice is paralleled by decreased activity of POMC neurons. We show that chemical promotion of CB1R activity increases feeding, and notably, CB1R activation also promotes neuronal activity of POMC cells. This paradoxical increase in POMC activity was crucial for CB1R-induced feeding, because designer-receptors-exclusively-activated-by-designer-drugs (DREADD)-mediated inhibition of POMC neurons diminishes, whereas DREADD-mediated activation of POMC neurons enhances CB1R-driven feeding. The Pomc gene encodes both the anorexigenic peptide alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and the opioid peptide beta-endorphin. CB1R activation selectively increases beta-endorphin but not alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone release in the hypothalamus, and systemic or hypothalamic administration of the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone blocks acute CB1R-induced feeding. These processes involve mitochondrial adaptations that, when blocked, abolish CB1R-induced cellular responses and feeding. Together, these results uncover a previously unsuspected role of POMC neurons in the promotion of feeding by cannabinoids.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4496586/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4496586/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koch, Marco -- Varela, Luis -- Kim, Jae Geun -- Kim, Jung Dae -- Hernandez-Nuno, Francisco -- Simonds, Stephanie E -- Castorena, Carlos M -- Vianna, Claudia R -- Elmquist, Joel K -- Morozov, Yury M -- Rakic, Pasko -- Bechmann, Ingo -- Cowley, Michael A -- Szigeti-Buck, Klara -- Dietrich, Marcelo O -- Gao, Xiao-Bing -- Diano, Sabrina -- Horvath, Tamas L -- DP1 DK098058/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DP1DK098058/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P01 NS062686/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG040236/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 DA023999/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R01AG040236/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01DK097566/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R37 DK053301/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Mar 5;519(7541):45-50. doi: 10.1038/nature14260. Epub 2015 Feb 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [2] Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. ; Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. ; 1] Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [2] Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. ; Obesity &Diabetes Institute, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia. ; Division of Endocrinology &Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA. ; Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. ; 1] Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [2] Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. ; Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. ; 1] Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [2] Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. ; 1] Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [2] Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [3] Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. ; 1] Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [2] Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [3] Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [4] Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25707796" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cannabinoids/*pharmacology ; Eating/*drug effects/*physiology ; Energy Metabolism/drug effects ; Hypothalamus/*cytology/drug effects/physiology ; Ion Channels/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mitochondria/drug effects/metabolism ; Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism ; Naloxone/pharmacology ; Neurons/*drug effects/*metabolism ; Pro-Opiomelanocortin/*metabolism ; Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/agonists/metabolism ; Satiety Response/drug effects/physiology ; alpha-MSH/secretion ; beta-Endorphin/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 5
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    Systems approach to rheumatoid synovitis [Systems Biology] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-01-08
    Description: Rheumatoid synoviocytes, which consist of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) and synovial macrophages (SMs), are crucial for the progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Particularly, FLSs of RA patients (RA-FLSs) exhibit invasive characteristics reminiscent of cancer cells, destroying cartilage and bone. RA-FLSs and SMs originate differently from mesenchymal and myeloid cells, respectively, but...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 6
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    Whole-Genome Resequencing Identifies the Molecular Genetic Cause for the Absence of a Gy5 Glycinin Protein in Soybean PI 603408 (2017)
    Genetics Society of America (GSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-06
    Description: During ongoing proteomic analysis of the soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr) germplasm collection, PI 603408 was identified as a landrace whose seeds lack accumulation of one of the major seed storage glycinin protein subunits. Whole genomic resequencing was used to identify a two-base deletion affecting glycinin 5 . The newly discovered deletion was confirmed to be causative through immunological, genetic, and proteomic analysis, and no significant differences in total seed protein content were found to be due to the glycinin 5 loss-of-function mutation per se . In addition to focused studies on this one specific glycinin subunit-encoding gene, a total of 1,858,185 nucleotide variants were identified, of which 39,344 were predicted to affect protein coding regions. In order to semiautomate analysis of a large number of soybean gene variants, a new SIFT 4G (Sorting Intolerant From Tolerated 4 Genomes) database was designed to predict the impact of nonsynonymous single nucleotide soybean gene variants, potentially enabling more rapid analysis of soybean resequencing data in the future.
    Electronic ISSN: 2160-1836
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Genetics Society of America (GSA)
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure and magnetic properties of Co/Cu multilayer films (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 76 (1994), S. 2387-2394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The structure, magnetic properties and magnetoresistance of Co/Cu multilayer films grown by sputtering on Si (100) wafers, with Co layer thicknesses between 1.9 nm and 2.0 nm and Cu layer thicknesses between 0.5 nm and 1.3 nm, have been studied. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and optical diffractogram analysis show layered structures and a columnar face-centred-cubic (111) crystallographic texture extending through several layers in the films. The magnetic domain structure was studied by Lorentz microscopy, and the domain structure and image contrast were found to depend strongly on the Cu layer thickness and magnetoresistance. Hysteresis curves explain the trends of magnetic domain contrast and magnetic coupling in the films. Annealed samples show a more regular domain structure, and lower saturating field and magnetoresistance than as-sputtered samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.357586
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetic and structural studies of sputtered Co/Cu multilayer films : The 6th joint magnetism and magnetic materials (MMM)-intermag conference (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 76 (1994), S. 6513-6515 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The structure and magnetic properties of sputtered Co/Cu multilayer films with various layer thicknesses have been studied. X-ray diffractometry and high resolution electron microscopy show the films to be polycrystalline with a fcc structure and strong [111] texture in the growth direction. The magnetoresistance (MR) of the films depends critically on Cu layer thickness (tCu), with maximum values for films with tCu around 1 nm. Large differences in saturating field are seen for films with tCu and tCo differing by a nominal 0.1 nm. The magnetic domain structure, studied using Lorentz microscopy, shows strong dependence on tCu. High MR-value films showed evidence of antiphase magnetic domain boundaries. The high MR samples show antiferromagnetic coupling, with higher saturating fields than seen in the ferromagnetically coupled films.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.358246
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    8–13 μm InAsSb heterojunction photodiode operating at near room temperature (1995)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 67 (1995), S. 2645-2647 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: p+-InSb/π-InAs1−xSbx/n+-InSb heterojunction photodiodes operating at near room temperature in the 8–13 μm region of infrared (IR) spectrum are reported. A room-temperature photovoltaic response of up to 13 μm has been observed at 300 K with an x≈0.85 sample. The voltage responsivity-area product of 3×10−5 V cm2/W has been obtained at 300 K for the λ=10.6 μm optimized device. This was close to the theoretical limit set by the Auger mechanism, with a detectivity at room temperature of ≈1.5×108 cm Hz1/2/W. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.114323
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantum R matrix for E7 and F4 groups (1991)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Mathematical Physics 32 (1991), S. 845-856 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7658
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: The quantum R matrix for E7 and F4 are explicitly constructed for the defining representations 56 and 26 of E7 and F4, respectively. For these, Skein relations, link polynomials, and spectral parameter-dependent solutions of Yang–Baxter equation are obtained. The R matrix for the matrix elements related by the Weyl reflection has different values surprisingly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.529342
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