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  • 1
    ISSN: 1619-6937
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary This paper develops a method for deriving good estimates of macrodispersive transport parameters describing the asymptotic evolution of a non-reactive chemical pollutant injected into a two-layer porous medium. These parameters are extracted from the coefficients of asymptotic time-polynomial expansions of some adequately chosen integral transforms performed upon the solution of the original transport problem.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 36 (1999), S. 189-210 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: solute transport ; sorption ; nonequilibrium processes ; asymptotic analysis ; analytical solutions.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We analysed the asymptotic behaviour of breakthrough curves (BTCs) obtained after a single pulse injection in a 1D flow domain. Five different types of solute transport with nonequilibrium sorption were considered. The properties of the porous medium were assumed to be spatially constant. For long times, the concentration at a fixed position in time was found to decay like exp(−βt) where β depends on both the transport parameters and the parameters describing the nonequilibrium process. The results from the asymptotic analysis were compared with 1D numerical transport calculations. For all cases examined a good agreement between numerical calculations and the asymptotic analysis was found. The results from the asymptotic analysis provide an alternative way to determine transport and sorption related parameters from BTCs. The derived relationships between β and the model parameters are however only valid for large times. This requires that the very low concentrations need to be measured and not only the bulk mass, too. By either increasing or decreasing the velocity during BTC experiments additional asymptotic equations are obtained which can be used to determine the value of the model parameters. The results from the asymptotic analysis can also be used in standard inverse modelling techniques to either obtain good initial guesses or to reduce the parameter space. The fact that linear nonequilibrium processes decay like exp(−βt) can be used to qualitatively evaluate observed BTCs. The asymptotic analysis can also be easily extended to a larger class of transport problems (e.g. transport of solutes with microbial decay) provided that the overall transport problem remains linear in the concentration.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 22 (1971), S. 1-7 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Comparative investigations into the nitruration between low and high alloy steels and the alloy NiMo 16 CrW in ammonia at 300 to 5OO°CThe nitriding behaviour of high temperature high strength steels 13 CrMo 44, 10 CrMo 910 and 17 CrMoV 10, of the high alloy high temperature strength steels X 8 CrNiNb 16 13, the stainless steel Y 8 Cr 17 and nickel base alloy NiMo 16 CrW has been studied in ammonia at 300, 400 and 5OO°C, test durations being up to 1000 hours. The evaluation was based on determination of the nitriding depth preferentially with the aid of microhardness measurements. The structure of nitride layers and the structure changes due to nitrogen adsorption in the material are explained in connection with the time dependence of nitriding. The behaviour of specimens Passivated in air is shown as well as the influence of the surface pretreatment by depassivation or preoxidation and the influence of minor oxidising constituents (air, steam) in ammonia.
    Notes: Das Aufstickungsverhalten der drei warmfesten Stähle 13 CrMo 44,10 CrMo910 und 17CrMoV 10, des hochwarmfesten Stahles X 8 CrNiNb 1613, des nichtrostenden Stables X 8 Cr 17 sowie der Nickelbasislegierung NiMo 16 CrW wurde bei 300, 400 und 5OO°C in Ammoniak mit Glühungen bis zu 1000 h untersucht. Die Auswertung erfolgte durch Bestimmung der Nitriertiefe, wo- bei vorzugsweise Mikrohärtemessungen durchgeführt wurden. Der Aufbau von Nitridschichten und die durch Stickstoffaufnahme bedingten Gefügeänderungen der Werkstoffe werden im Zusammenhang mit dem zeitlichen Verlauf der Aufstickung erläutert. Neben dern Verhalten luftpassiver Proben wird der Einfluß; einer Oberflächenvorbehandlung durch Entpassivieren oder Voroxydieren sowie geringer oxydierender Gehalte des Ammoniaks an Luft oder Wasserdampf aufgezeigt.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 26 (1975), S. 521-529 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Electrochemical investigation into the high temperature corrosion of chromium steels in alkali sulfate meltsElectrochemical and corrosion-chemical investigations have been carried out with scaling resistant chromium steels, iron, chromium and platinum in a eutectic (Li, Na, K)2-SO4. It has turned out that sufficiently exact data concerning corrosion reactions can be obtained only from mass losses, not, however, from current density. The corrosion behaviour depends from potential. Comparable to the conditions in aqueous solutions potential ranges exist with passive and transpassive corrosion and with a rupture potential which depends from the chromium content of a steel. Protective oxide layers exist in the passive range where the mass loss becomes almost constant after a certain in cubation period. In the transpassive range corrosion follows an almost parabolic law with formation of an inner sulfide layer and a thicker external oxide layer where chromium is enriched. These layers are largely formed by oxidizing media carried to the metal surface via sulfur oxides; during this reaction inert marks in the steel remain unchanged. Sulfur oxides may be formed as secondary consecutive products by reactions between metal ions and sulfates. The solubility of metal ions in the sulfate melt is an important parameter for corrosion rates. Oxide ions (as reduction products of O2) act as inhibitor on the anodic partial reaction, while SO3 and ferric ions have a large lating effect, so that the anodic dissolution is autocatalyzed. Chlorides, too, act as stimulators in the transpassive range. Corrosion at the free corrosion potential is largely controlled by ferric ions which act as anodic and cathodic stimulators in acid melts. In neutral melts under oxygen an 18% chromium steel is passive.
    Notes: In einer eutektischen (Li,Na,K)2SO4-Schmelze wurden an hitzebeständigen Cr-Stählen und an Fe, Cr und Pt elektrochemische und korrosionschemische Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Es zeigte sich, daß nur der Massenverlust, nicht aber die Stromdichte über Korrosionsreaktionen genügend genaue aussagen geben. Das Korrosionsverhalten ist potentialabhängig. Vergleichend zu dem Verhalten in wäßrigen lösungen gibt et Potentialbereiche für passive und transpassive Korrosion mit einem vom Cr-Gehalt der Stähle abhängen Durchburchspotential. Im Passivbereich liegen oxidische Schutzschichten vor. Der Massenverlust wird hierbei nach einer Induktionszeit nahezu konstant. Im Transpassivbereich erfolgt Korrosion nach einem nahezu parabolischen Gesetz unter Ausbildung einer inneren Sulfidschicht und einer äußeren dickeren Oxidschicht, in der Cr angereichert ist. Die Schichten sind zum großen Teil durch einen zur Metalloberfläche gerichteten Oxidationsmitteltransport über Schwefeloxidgase entstanden, wobei inerte Marken des Stahls unverändert bleiben. Schwefeloxide können als Folgeprodukte aus Sulfat durch Metallionen freigesetzt werden.Für die Korrosinsgeschwindigkeit ist die Metallionenlöslichkeit der Sulfatschmelze wichtig. So wirken Oxidionen als Reduktionsprodukte von O2 inhibierend und SO3 sowie Eisen (III)-ionen auf die anodische Teilreaktion stark stimulierend, so daß die anodische Auflösung sich selbst katalysiert. Ferner wirken auch Chloride im Transpassivbereich stimulierend. Für die Korrosion beim freien Korrosionspotential ist die in sauren Schmelzen anodisch und kathodisch stimulierende Wirkung der Eisen(III)-ionen wesentlich. In neutralen Schmelzen unter O2 ist ein 18%iger Chromstahl passiv.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Effect of deformation and stress-induced precipitations on the corrosion resistance of silicon alloyed stainless steel X2CrNiSi 18 15 in nitric acidThe corrosion resistance of silicon alloyed X2 CrNiSi 18 15 stainless steel with about 4 wt.-% Si in nitric acid depends on both deformation degree of the material and number and distribution of precipitations in the microstructure. After cold deformation and subsequent heat-treatment at 700°C (1292°F), the corrosion rate in 5 M HNO3 is higher than that of non-deformed material. This result was established with specimens isolated from each other but was particularly pronounced with specimens being in galvanic contact. By deformation and subsequent annealing at 700°C, precipitations are formed at the grain boundaries the number of which increases with increasing degree of deformation. With higher degree of deformation, the precipitations are preferably arranged at slip-lines. They were identified as chromium carbide, M23C6, and silicide of the Cr5Ni3FeSi2 type. It is shown by electrochemical measurements that these precipitations stimulate the cathodic partial reaction, i.e., the reduction of nitric acid. Hence, the corrosion resistance of the silicon alloyed stainless steel is impaired by deformation and stress-induced precipitations formed during annealing at 700°C.
    Notes: Die Korrosionsbeständigkeit von siliciumlegiertem, nichtrostendem Stahl X2CrNiSi 18 15 in Salpetersäure wird von Werkstoffverformung sowie vom Ausscheidungszustand beeinflußt. Kaltverformter und anschließend bei 700°C wärmebehandelter Werkstoff erbringt höhere flächenbezogene Massenverlustraten als unverformter Werkstoff. Dies wurde für voneinander isolierte Proben, besonders ausgeprägt aber für Proben in metallenleitendem Kontakt, nachgewiesen. Durch Verformen und nachfolgendes Glühen bei 700°C werden Ausscheidungen auf den Korngrenzen erzeugt, deren Menge mit ansteigendem Verformungsgrad zunimmt und die sich mit ansteigendem Verformungsgrad auch zunehmend an den Gleitlinien anordnen. Bei den Ausscheidungen handelt es sich um chromreiches Carbid M23C6 sowie um ein Silicid Cr5Ni3FeSi2. Durch elektrochemische Korrosionsversuche wurde gezeigt, daß diese Ausscheidungen die kathodische Teilreaktion der Salpetersäurereduktion stimulieren. Verformung des Werkstoffs und spannungsinduzierte Ausscheidungen vermindern somit dessen Korrosionsbeständigkeit in Salpetersäure.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1998-03-01
    Print ISSN: 0001-5970
    Electronic ISSN: 1619-6937
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1992-06-01
    Print ISSN: 0954-3899
    Electronic ISSN: 1361-6471
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Institute of Physics
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  • 8
  • 9
    Publication Date: 2002-06-01
    Print ISSN: 0169-7722
    Electronic ISSN: 1873-6009
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2000-10-01
    Print ISSN: 0169-7722
    Electronic ISSN: 1873-6009
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Elsevier
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