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  • 1
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    Oceanographic observations from the Semmes : Jan. 14-Feb. 14, 1941 (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-17
    Description: Oceanographic Observations from the SEMMES Jan. 14-Feb. 14, 1941 On a recent cruise through the West Indies a program of oceanographic observations was carried out on board the experimental sound ship, the U.S.S. SEMMES, in conjunction with the submarine, TRITON. This work which began on January 14 at New London, Conn. and ended on February 14 at Key West, Fla. included a week of operations with the East Coast Sound School out of Key West. The bathythermograph, an instrument for measuring the sea water temperature continuously from the surface down to 75 fathoms, was used for oceanographic observations.
    Keywords: Semmes (Ship) ; Triton (Submarine) ; Sound ; Oceanography -- West Indies ; Bathythermograph ; Ocean temperature
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 2
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    Summary of bathythermograph observations from the western North Atlantic : October 1940 - December 1941 (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-12
    Description: The range of submarine detection is frequently limited by the refraction produced by vertical temperature gradients in the superficial layers of the ocean. In order to measure these temperature gradients and thus to permit predictions of the range, the bathythermograph was developed and is now being used on a considerable number of anti-submarine vessels, while a somewhat modified version of the instrument is being tried out on submarines. Some 6675 bathythermograph observations from the western North Atlantic have been examined in order to determine how frequently such observations should be made so that within practical limits and anti-submarine vessel may at all times know the assured range of its sound gear. The occurrence of the four basic types of refraction patterns is shown by a series of six charts. For all but one of these patterns the range can be rather quickly and easily estimated from simple tables; but when the so-called afternoon effect is encountered, which is on the average about 20% of the time, a more complete analysis is necessary. It is found that under the most unfavorable circumstances, that is, in mid-summer and near the edges of a strong current system, there is about one chance in three that the refraction pattern will chance significantly in a distance of four miles. At other times of year and in areas where horizontal variations in temperature are less pronounced a single bathythermograph observation can be considered representative of a much larger area. It is also shown that in the western North Atlantic about 92% of the time in summer and about 34% of the time in winter the assured range of submarine detection is limited by refraction to less than 2500 yards.
    Keywords: Bathythermograph
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 3
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    Preliminary report on the prediction of "Afternoon Effect" (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-12
    Description: With moderate or light winds and a clear sky the diurnal heating which occurs near the sea surface can cause a serious reduction in the range of submarine detection, especially on shallow targets. This has usually been called the “afternoon effect", although as will be noticed below the ranges often remain short long after sun down. The heating of surface waters which causes such sharp downward refraction can of course be noted on a bathythermograph record, provided pen vibration does not confuse the upper part of the trace. Unfortunately it is the upper 20 or 30 feet of a bathythermograph curve which in the case of ships moving faster than 12 knots is often somewhat difficult to read with sufficient certainty. Moreover, in planning a days operations it is clearly desirable to know in advance how much reduction in range may be expected from diurnal warming.
    Description: Contract OEMsr-31
    Keywords: Submarines (Ships) ; Sonar ; Ocean temperature
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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