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  • 1
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    International Arctic Petroleum Cooperation : Barents Sea scenarios (2015)
    London, New York : Routledge
    Details
    Keywords: Actic region ; natural resources ; petroleum industry ; oil industry
    Description / Table of Contents: Table of Contents --- Introduction --- Barents Sea oil and gas 2025 : Three scenarios --- Norwegian–Russian political relations and Barents oil and gas developments
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXV, 291 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9781315768762
    URL: http://www.oapen.org/record/627850
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Algorithms, Vol. 12, Pages 19: Algorithm for Producing Rankings Based on Expert Surveys (2019)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: This paper develops an automated algorithm to process input data for segmented string relative rankings (SSRRs). The purpose of the SSRR methodology is to create rankings of countries, companies, or any other units based on surveys of expert opinion. This is done without the use of grading systems, which can distort the results due to varying degrees of strictness among experts. However, the original SSRR approach relies on manual application, which is highly laborious and also carries a risk of human error. This paper seeks to solve this problem by further developing the SSRR approach by employing link analysis, which is based on network theory and is similar to the PageRank algorithm used by the Google search engine. The ranking data are treated as part of a linear, hierarchical network and each unit receives a score according to how many units are positioned below it in the network. This approach makes it possible to efficiently resolve contradictions among experts providing input for a ranking. A hypertext preprocessor (PHP) script for the algorithm is included in the article’s appendix. The proposed methodology is suitable for use across a range of social science disciplines, especially economics, sociology, and political science.
    Electronic ISSN: 1999-4893
    Topics: Computer Science
    Published by MDPI
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  • 3
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    Chapter: 'Introduction' from book: Public Brainpower: Civil Society and Natural Resource Management (2021)
    Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-11
    Description: This introductory chapter establishes the analytical framework for the edited volume. The literature on the resource curse and institutions is briefly discussed, along with the work on civil society and the public sphere by Almond and Verba, Dahl, Habermas and Putnam. Drawing on these classics, the theoretical concept of ‘public brainpower’ is formulated. The main pillar of public brainpower is polycentricity, or the coexistence of many different public actors freely expressing their thoughts: individual citizens, political parties, trade unions, charities, companies, research institutes, religious institutions, mass media and government institutions. The more polycentric a society is, the greater is its brainpower: its memory becomes more comprehensive and multifaceted, different actors can perform quality control of each other’s ideas and arguments, and it is more difficult to repress challenging views. Above all, a polycentric society has a broader base for creativity. The greater the public brainpower of a society, the better its management of natural resources. Finally, the book's 18 case studies of oil- and gas-producing countries are briefly presented, along with the methodology and definitions of key terminology used throughout the volume.
    Keywords: JA1-92 ; politics ; natural resources ; civil society
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    Chapter: 'Russia: Public Debate and the Petroleum Sector' from book: Public Brainpower: Civil Society and Natural Resource Management (2021)
    Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: In Russia, civil society engagement with the petroleum sector is surprisingly rich and varied for a country that is ranked low on most democracy-related indicators. This chapter finds that there is a lively and varied public debate, with business associations, research institutes, independent experts, indigenous organizations and the few surviving independent media actively and often competently analysing and commenting on a broad range of issues related to the oil and gas sector. Russians were early users of social media, which occasionally also function as a platform for discussion of petroleum-policy issues. However, the real impact of civil society on decision-making and policy formulation in the petroleum sector is not as great as the diversity of actors and discussion might imply. One key reason is the tight government control over mainstream media outlets. The situation for free speech and civil society worsened steadily from around 2004 to 2016. As in neighbouring Kazakhstan, the Russian population puts a high premium on stability over freedom. While a central concern in this book is whether the media and civil society have any influence on the petroleum sector, in Russia the paradoxical situation is that the relationship is often reversed: the gas company Gazprom, rather than another organizational vehicle, is used by the government to control key mass media, and the oil company Yukos played a central role in promoting civil society until its main owner Mikhail Khodorkovsky was arrested and the company was carved up.
    Keywords: JA1-92 ; politics ; natural resources ; civil society ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GT Interdisciplinary studies::GTJ Peace studies & conflict resolution
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Chapter: 'Norway: Public Debate and the Management of Petroleum Resources and Revenues' from book: Public Brainpower: Civil Society and Natural Resource Management (2021)
    Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-11
    Description: This chapter assesses the importance of civil society involvement and public debate for Norwegian petroleum governance. It finds that during the early years of the country’s oil and gas development, the most important choices were made by a small number of decision-makers in government with little input from the rest of society. The attitude of government officials was therefore decisive for Norway’s early successes. During the two first decades of Norway’s petroleum era, also economists at the Ministry of Finance, the Norwegian School of Economics, Statistics Norway and the University of Oslo played important roles. One of the greatest successes of Norwegian oil and gas governance, the sovereign wealth fund, was created by technocrats in interaction with politicians. However, over time, and in a way similar to the Netherlands, civil society and public debate came to play more influential roles. What characterizes contemporary Norwegian petroleum governance is that it has many legs to stand on: an active and diverse civil society, free and diverse media, many political parties representing differing interests, numerous institutions of research and higher education and, importantly, a strong technocracy inside and outside government. In combination, these legs provide for both reliability and dynamism as Norwegian petroleum governance evolves. Finally, a key aspect of Norway’s Nordic model is constant compromise—which is difficult to achieve in more polarized societies.
    Keywords: JA1-92 ; politics ; natural resources ; civil society
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    Chapter: 'Kazakhstan: Civil Society and Natural Resource Policy in Kazakhstan' from book: Public Brainpower: Civil Society and Natural Resource Management (2021)
    Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-11
    Description: In Kazakhstan, civil society is held back and has had a limited role in the management of the petroleum sector. As this chapter notes, civil society has had little experience of promoting its own interests vis-à-vis the state, and public discussion of natural resource issues has been mainly government-driven. The fact that Kazakhstan made a notable step forward—from being a collapsing socialist economy in the 1990s to becoming a regional economic player with improved social and economic performance—has helped to legitimize non-transparent natural resource policies. As long as the socio-economic situation continues to improve or remains stable, the non-transparent management of natural resources is likely to be accepted by the population, which, like the Russian population, puts a premium on stability. The relative passivity of civil society has been compensated by Kazakhstan’s exposure to international initiatives and organizations such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and numerous UN agencies. As in Azerbaijan, the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) has provided a platform for some civil society engagement with industry and government.
    Keywords: JA1-92 ; politics ; natural resources ; civil society
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    Russian Oil Companies in an Evolving World: The Challenge of Change (2021)
    Edward Elgar Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: This book examines Russia’s capacity to respond to a changing world through the lens of the country’s oil industry. Against a backdrop of social, political and climatic change, Indra Overland and Nina Poussenkova present a systematic analysis of how modern energy developments in the form of shale oil, offshore oil and the global energy transition are handled.
    Keywords: HF5717-5734.7 ; TP155-156 ; HF5001-6182 ; oil companies book ; corporate social responsibility ; Arctic ; sanctions ; Russia ; climate change ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KJ Business & management::KJP Business communication & presentation
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Chapter 2 Barents Sea oil and gas 2025 (2021)
    Taylor & Francis | International Arctic Petroleum Cooperation: Barents Sea Scenarios | Routledge
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-12
    Description: What are some of the possible futures for Barents Sea oil and gas? This chapter draws upon the key trends and issues covered by the book’s thematic chapters and presents three scenarios on the prospects for Norwegian–Russian cooperation in the Barents Sea. Ultimately human interaction will play a large part in how the Barents Sea is developed, and we have therefore given the scenarios metaphorical titles related to interaction between people.
    Keywords: natural resources ; arctic region ; natural resources ; arctic region ; Barents Sea ; Lofoten ; Norway ; Petroleum ; Price of oil ; Russia ; Russians ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KN Industry & industrial studies::KNB Energy industries & utilities::KNBP Petroleum & oil industries
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Chapter 6 Norwegian–Russian political relations and Barents oil and gas developments (2021)
    Taylor & Francis | International Arctic Petroleum Cooperation: Barents Sea Scenarios | Routledge
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-12
    Description: The political relationship between Norway and Russia will influence the development of Barents Sea oil and gas. The state plays a decisive role in both the Norwegian and Russian parts of the sea. It does so as a regulator, through taxation, and through the national oil and gas companies, Gazprom, Rosneft, and Statoil. Thus, if the two states have a good relationship characterized by mutual trust, they can coordinate, search for complementarities, and mitigate issues that arise. Furthermore, due to the rising cost of oil and gas production in the Arctic, many oil and gas fields there may deliver small returns on investments. Scale economies brought about by coordinated development, joint infrastructure, and information sharing can tip projects from being commercially unviable to viable. But this depends on the ability and willingness of the two states to actively work together.
    Keywords: natural resources ; acrtic region ; natural resources ; acrtic region ; Arctic ; Barents Sea ; Gazprom ; Norway ; Petroleum ; Rosneft ; Russia ; Russians ; Ukraine ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KN Industry & industrial studies::KNB Energy industries & utilities::KNBP Petroleum & oil industries
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    Why Choose to Cycle in a Low-Income Country? (2020)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-09-21
    Description: Research on the adoption of the bicycle as a means of transport has been booming in high-income countries. However, little is known about bicycle adoption in lower-income countries where air pollution is high and cycling infrastructure is poor. Understanding the drivers of cycling adoption in developing economies can increase the efficiency of transport policies while reducing local air pollution, improving health, and cutting greenhouse gas emissions. The objective of this study is to identify the factors affecting cycling uptake in a low-income country using the city of Bishkek in Kyrgyzstan as a case study. The analysis is based on the Theory of Planned Behavior, a questionnaire-based survey of 900 respondents, factor analysis, and a logit model. In contrast to studies carried out in developed countries, this study finds that students are less likely to adopt cycling than other population groups. Other findings suggest that support for public transport, a desire for regular exercise and perceptions of the environmental benefits of cycling increase the probability of the use of cycling as a mode of transport in a low-income country. The paper also identifies positive and negative perceptions of cycling among cyclists and non-cyclists.
    Electronic ISSN: 2071-1050
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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