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  • 1
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    Altered distribution of mitochondria in rat soleus muscle fibers after spaceflight (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The effect of an exposure to microgravity on the distribution of the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity throughout the soleus muscle fibers was investigated by measuring SDH activity throughout the cross section of 20-30 fibers each of the slow-twitch oxidative and fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic types of fibers in rats exposed to 12.5 days in space aboard Cosmos 1887. It was found that, after the spaceflight, the entire regional distribution of SDH activity was significantly altered (as compared to ground controls) in the slow-twitch oxidative fibers, whereas the fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic fibers from muscles of flown rats exhibited a significantly lower SDH activity only in their subsarcolemmal region.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology (ISSN 8750-7587); 73; 2 Au; 493-497
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    Effect of spaceflight on the extracellular matrix of skeletal muscle after a crush injury (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The organization and composition of the extracellular matrix were studied in the crush-injured gastrocnemius muscle of rats subjected to 0 G. After 14 days of flight on Cosmos 2044, the gastrocnemius muscle was removed and evaluated by histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques from the five injured flight rodents and various earth-based treatment groups. In general, the repair process was similar in all injured muscle samples with regard to the organization of the extracellular matrix and myofibers. Small and large myofibers were present within an expanded extracellular matrix, indicative of myogenesis and muscle regeneration. In the tail-suspended animals, a more complete repair was observed with nonenlarged area of nonmuscle cells or matrix material visible. In contrast, the muscle samples from the flight animals were less well organized and contained more macrophages and blood vessels in the repair region, indicative of a delayed repair process, but did not demonstrate any chronic inflammation. Myofiber repair did vary in muscles from the different groups, being slowest in the flight animals and most complete in the tail-suspended ones.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology, Supplement (ISSN 8750-7587); 73; 2 Au; 74S-81S
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Adaptation of fibers in fast-twitch muscles of rats to spaceflight and hindlimb suspension (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The adaptation of single fibers in medial gastrocnemius (MG), a fast-twitch extensor, and in tibialis anterior (TA), a fast-twitch flexor, was studied after 14 days of spaceflight onboard Cosmos 2044 or hindlimb suspension. Quantitative myosin ATPase activities of single fibers were measured in flight and suspended rats. Each of the enzyme and size measurements were directly correlated within each fiber with respect to its qualitative myosin ATPase staining properties and its expression of fast, slow, or both myosin heavy chains (MHC). The percentage of slow- and fast-twitch fibers of the MG and TA were found to be unchanged. Mean fiber size of all fibers was unaffected after flight or suspension. The ATPase activity in the MG was higher in flight than in control or suspended rats. In comparison to Cosmos 1887 spaceflight, the adaptations in the muscle fibers of the MG were more moderate.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology, Supplement (ISSN 8750-7587); 73; 2 Au
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    Skeletal muscle atrophy in response to 14 days of weightlessness - Vastus medialis (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The vastus medialis (VM) response from rats after 14 days of microgravity on Cosmos 2044 (F) have been studied by comparing it with VM from tail-suspended hindlimb-unloaded rats (T) and ground controls. The experimental approaches encompassed a histochemical evaluation of microscopic morphology, including fibers and capillaries; an assessment of biochemical composition including protein, DNA, and RNA concentrations; and an estimation of metabolic capacity. It is concluded that some significant changes were observed in the VM in rats exposed to weightlessness for 14 days. There is a loss in weight compared with the vivarium controls but not in comparison with synchronous and basal controls. Although there were minimal muscle weight differences between groups, muscle weight may be a less sensitive measure of change or atrophy than fiber area measurements. It is suggested that the nonload-bearing muscles, including the VM, show measurable responses to weightless flight.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology, Supplement (ISSN 8750-7587); 73; 2 Au; 44S-50S
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
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    Rat soleus muscle fiber responses to 14 days of spaceflight and hindlimb suspension (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Morphological and enzymatic responses in fibers of different types were studied in rats after 14 days of spaceflight onboard Cosmos 2044 or hindlimb suspension. Fibers were classified as fast-twitch, slow-twitch, or both fast- and slow-twitch on the basis of the type of myosin heavy chains (MHC). Data obtained indicate that during the 14 days of spaceflight or suspension the protein profiles of 9-14 percents of the slow-twitch fibers reconfigured from typical slow-twitch toward fast switch fibers, while all fibers were dramatically losing total protein. These results were consistent with the data obtained from Cosmos 1887 and Skylab 3. It is suggested that effects of spaceflight on skeletal muscle can be attributed to a dramatic reduction in the level and/or pattern of loading.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology, Supplement (ISSN 8750-7587); 73; 2 Au
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 6
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    Muscle sarcomere lesions and thrombosis after spaceflight and suspension unloading (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Data obtained during Cosmos 2044 bisatellite mission are reviewed and found to be consistent with the results of previous rodent spaceflight experiments. Investigation was carried out of hindlimb muscles from flight rats killed as close to land as possible so that changes induced by spaceflight and early readaptation to weight bearing could be distinguished from the changes that resulted from the two-day postflight period during Cosmos 1887. Results presented pertain to muscle atrophy and fiber type changes, eccentric contraction-like lesions, microcirculatory changes and interstitial edema, and tissue damage.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology, Supplement (ISSN 8750-7587); 73; 2 Au
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 7
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    Effects of microgravity and tail suspension on enzymes of individual soleus and tibialis anterior fibers (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Selected enzymes of energy metabolism were measured in random individual fibers of soleus and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles from rats exposed for 2 wk to spaceflight (F) aboard Cosmos 2044 or tail suspension (T) and from synchronous controls. Average size of soleus fibers (dry weight per unit length) was reduced 37 percent in F and T fibers; there was little change in Ta fibers. Enzyme changes were more pronounced in soleus than in TA fibers. Three enzymes characteristic of fast-twitch muscles, pyruvate kinase, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and 1-phosphofructokinase, were elevated in F and T soleus fibers, but changes in phosphofructokinase were not statistically significant. In TA fibers analyzed for hexokinase, malate dehydrogenase, phosphohexoisomerase, and pyruvate kinase, only hexokinase and malate dehydrogenase showed significant changes. Hexokinase incresed 83 percent in one of two T muscles. Enzyme data for TA fibers typed by myosin adenosinetriphosphatase were more informative: phosphofructokinase, phosphorylase, and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were increased in type IIn fibers of either F or T muscles or both. Malate dehydrogenase was not changed in fibers of any type in either F or T muscle.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology, Supplement (ISSN 8750-7587); 73; 2 Au; 66S-73S
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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