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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 17 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Pinus eldarica L. trees, rooted in the natural soil of an agricultural field at Phoenix, Arizona, were grown from the seedling stage in clear-plastic-wall open-top enclosures maintained at four different atmospheric CO2 concentrations for 15 months. Light response functions were determined for one tree from each treatment by means of whole-tree net CO2 exchange measurements at the end of this period, after which rates of carbon assimilation of an ambient-treatment tree were measured across a range of atmospheric CO2 concentrations. The first of these data sets incorporates the consequences of both the CO2-induced enhancement of net photosynthesis per unit needle area and the CO2-induced enhancement of needle area itself (due primarily to the production of more needles), whereas the second data set reflects only the first of these effects. Hence the division of the normalized results of the first data set by the normalized results of the second set yields a representation of the increase in whole-tree net photosynthesis due to enhanced needle production caused by atmospheric CO2 enrichment. In the solitary trees we studied, the relative contribution of this effect increased rapidly with the CO2 concentration of the air to increase whole-tree net photosynthesis by nearly 50% at a CO2 concentration approximately 300 μmol mol−1 above ambient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 15 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Sour orange trees have been grown from the seedling stage out-of-doors at Phoenix, Arizona, USA, in open-top enclosures with clear plastic walls for 3.5 years. For the last 3 years of this period, half of the trees have been continuously exposed to air enriched with CO2 to 300 μmol mol−1 above the ambient concentration. At 2-month intervals over the last 12 months, we have determined the fine-root biomass in the top 0.4 m of the soil profile beneath the trees. Results from both treatments define a single relationship between fine-root biomass and trunk cross-sectional area. The data also show the CO2-enriched trees to have approximately 2.3 times more fine-root biomass in this soil layer than the trees grown in ambient air.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 14 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Eight sour orange trees have been grown from seedling stage in the field at Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.A., in four identically-vented, open-top, clear-plastic-wall chambers for close to 2.5 years. Half of the chambers have been maintained at ambient atmospheric CO2 concentrations over this period, while half of them have been maintained at 300 ppm (300 μlmol CO2 per mol air) above ambient. Initially, the trees in each treatment were essentially identical; but in less than 2 years, the trunks of the CO2-enriched trees had become twice as large as their ambient-treatment counterparts. After 2 full years of growth, the enriched trees had 79% more leaves, 56% more primary branches with 172% more volume, 70% more secondary branches with 190% more volume, and 240% more tertiary branches with 855% more volume. In addition, the CO2-enriched trees also had fourth-, fifth- and sixth-order branches, while the ambient-treatment trees had no branches above third order. Total trunk plus branch volume of the CO2-en-riched trees was 2.79 times that of the ambient-treatment trees after 2 fulf years of growth.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 266 (1977), S. 625-628 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] On 3 December 1975, a 72 90-m field of Avondale loam that had been given an initial application of nitrogen fertiliser was planted with spring wheat (Triticum durum Desf. variety Produra). The field was then divided into six nearly equal north-south oriented rectangular plots. Five days after ...
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 274 (1978), S. 781-782 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] We therefore have a major apparent contradiction; our experiments predict warming with increasing atmospheric dust but most studies of climatic trends following periods of significant volcanism indicate cooling. These divergent results can be explained by the concept of a 'centre of gravity' for ...
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 34 (1984), S. 1-19 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Einige natürliche Experimente werden analysiert, um Gleichgewichtswerte einer Folgefunktion der Lufttemperatur in Bodennähe und eines Rückkopplungsfaktors für die Erdatmosphäre zu erhalten. Der erste der beiden Parameter beinhaltet die änderung der Bodenlufttemperatur, hervorgerufen durch eine Änderung in der an der Oberfläche absorbierten Strahlungsenergie, und besitzt eine Größenordnung von 0.1 K (Wm−2)−1. Der letztere der beiden Parameter beschreibt das Verhältnis zwischen den durch Rückkopplung erzeugten änderungen in der von der Erdoberfläche aufgefangenen Strahlungsenergie und den anfänglichen, oder primären, Änderungen in dieser Energie. Dieser Parameter besitzt eine Größenordnung von 1.25. Diese zwei Zahlen besagen, daß die Maximalerwärmung, die man von einer Verdopplung des CO2-Gehaltes der Erdatmosphäre von 300 auf 600 ppm erwarten kann, nur ungefähr 0.1 K beträgt. Dieser Wert ist so klein, daß er womöglich völlig durch die vom CO2 bewirkte Reduktion der zur Erdoberfläche durchgelassenen Sonnenstrahlung aufgehoben wird.
    Notes: Summary Several natural experiments are analyzed to yield equilibrium values of a surface air temperature response function and a feedback factor for Earth’s atmosphere. The former parameter, the change in surface air temperature induced by a change in radiant energy absorbed at the surface, is demonstrated to have a value of about 0.1 K (Wm−2)−1; while the latter parameter, the ratio of feedback-induced change in radiant energy to the surface of the Earth divided by an initial or primary change in radiant energy to the Earth’s surface, is demonstrated to have a value of about 1.25. These two numbers imply that the maximum warming to be expected from a doubling of Earth’s atmospheric CO2 concentration from 300 to 600 ppm is only about 0.1 K, a result so small as to possibly be completely counter-balanced by the CO2-induced reduction of solar radiation transmission to the Earth’s surface.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 31 (1982), S. 211-219 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Möglichkeit eines negativen Rückkoppelungsprozesses zwischen der relativen Feuchte der Luft und der Temperatur in Bodennähe wird beschrieben. Zusammen mit einem unlängst vorgeschlagenen positiven Rückkoppelungsprozeß, der atmosphärisches CO2 miteinbezieht, kann dieses Phänomen dazu ausreichen, die globalen Eiskatastrophen zu verhindern, welche von vielen Klimamodellen nach ursprünglicher Entwicklung eiszeitlicher Zustände vorausgesagt werden. Dieser feuchtebezogene Rückkoppelungsprozeß könnte auch für das Problem der kühlen Sonne in der Frühgeschichte der Erde von Bedeutung sein.
    Notes: Summary A potential negative feedback relationship between atmospheric relative humidity and surface air temperature is described. Together with a recently proposed negative feedback mechanism involving atmospheric CO2, the phenomenon may be sufficient to prevent the global ice catastrophies which are a common prediction of many climate models following initial development of ice age conditions, and could well be of importance for the problem of the cool sun in Earth's early history.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 34 (1985), S. 141-144 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Etliche empirische Studien der Lufttemperatur in Bodennähe und des Strahlungshaushalts zeigten, daß es eine obere Grenze gibt, über welche die mittlere Bodentemperatur auf globaler Basis nicht ansteigen kann, solange die Solarkonstante und die Masse der Erdatmosphäre unverändert bleiben. Es wird gezeigt, da\ die besten gegenwärtigen Klimamodelle dieselbe Schlußfolgerung andeuten und einen vergleichbaren Wert von 4–5 °K für die maximal erreichbare Erwärmung liefem.
    Notes: Summary Several empirical studies of Earth's surface air temperature and radiation budget have indicated that there is an upper limit above which the mean surface air temperature of the globe cannot rise, as long as the solar constant and the mass of the Earth's atmosphere remain unchanged. It is shown that current state-of-the-art climate models suggest the same thing and that they yield a comparable value for the maximum warming attainable: 4–5 K.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 34 (1984), S. 211-214 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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