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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Protozoan communities around conifer roots colonized by ectomycorrhizal fungi (1994)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 5 (1994), S. 53-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Protozoa ; Ectomycorrhizal fungi Douglas fir ; Microbial ecology ; Biodiversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Protozoan communities around roots with different types of ectomycorrhizae were distinct. These protozoan communities differed both qualitatively and quantitatively with the host (Pinus ponderosa, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Picea sitchensis, Tsuga heterophylla and Abies grandis) and the ectomycorrhizal fungal species. Based on the species identified and the numbers of individuals of each species, six communities of protozoa were found associated with specific ectomycorrhizae. Previous researchers have shown that mycorrhizal colonization of roots alters the amounts and types of exudates produced by roots, which in turn alters the bacterial community present. Most likely, mycorrhizal colonization of roots influences the protozoan community around roots by controlling the bacterial community. However, the protozoan community may in turn influence the successional dynamics of ectomycorrhizal fungi on different host root systems by a variety of mechanisms. These mechanisms could include: (1) preying upon individuals and perhaps removing particular species of bacteria from the mycorrhizosphere; and (2) controlling nitrogen mineralization in the rhizosphere. Further work needs to be performed to determine the interaction between these quadrate (plant-bacteria-fungi-protozoa) associations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00204020
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Protozoan communities around conifer rootscolonized by ectomycorrhizal fungi (1994)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 5 (1994), S. 53-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words Protozoa ; Ectomycorrhizal fungi ; Douglas fir ; Microbial ecology ; Biodiversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Protozoan communities around roots with different types of ectomycorrhizae were distinct. These protozoan communities differed both qualitatively and quantitatively with the host (Pinus ponderosa, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Picea sitchensis, Tsuga heterophylla and Abies grandis) and the ectomycorrhizal fungal species. Based on the species identified and the numbers of individuals of each species, six communities of protozoa were found associated with specific ectomycorrhizae. Previous researchers have shown that mycorrhizal colonization of roots alters the amounts and types of exudates produced by roots, which in turn alters the bacterial community present. Most likely, mycorrhizal colonization of roots influences the protozoan community around roots by controlling the bacterial community. However, the protozoan community may in turn influence the successional dynamics of ectomycorrhizal fungi on different host root systems by a variety of mechanisms. These mechanisms could include: (1) preying upon individuals and perhaps removing particular species of bacteria from the mycorrhizosphere; and (2) controlling nitrogen mineralization in the rhizosphere. Further work needs to be performed to determine the interaction between these quadrate (plant-bacteria-fungi-protozoa) associations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050041
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The mycorrhizal colonization of six wetland plant species at sites differing in land use history (1999)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 9 (1999), S. 233-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words Wetlands ; Mycorrhizal fungi ; Land use history ; Restoration ecology ; Soil ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Five wetland prairie sites and six native plant species in western Oregon were examined to determine patterns of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (VAMF) colonization. The sites differed in type and intensity of past land use. VAMF colonization was tested in situ on seedlings from both field-sown seeds and from transplants. Colonization was measured as the percentage of root length with arbuscles or vesicles. All species (Deschampsia cespitosa, Downingia elegans, Eriophyllum lanatum, Hordeum brachyantherum, Microseris laciniata, and Plagiobothrys figuratus) became colonized by VAMF during the study. This is the first report of mycorrhizal colonization of these important native species. All sites supported mycorrhizal colonization of some of the experimental species. Average VAMF colonization ranged from 58% to 92% but was unrelated to subjective rankings of land use intensity. These results suggest that VAMF inoculum at all sites was sufficient to support revegetation by at least some species of native plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050272
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The detrital food web in a shortgrass prairie (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 3 (1987), S. 57-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Detrital food web ; Microbes ; Mineralization ; Soil fauna
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Several experimental approaches have been taken to demonstrate the importance of soil fauna in nitrogen mineralization, but there have been difficulties interpreting the results. We have supplemented the experimental approach with theoretical calculations of nitrogen transformations in a shortgrass prairie. The calculations incorporate a wide array of information on decomposer organisms, including their feeding preferences, nitrogen contents, life spans, assimilation efficiencies, productio:assimilation ratios, decomposabilities, and population sizes. The results are estimates of nitrogen transfer rates through the detrital food web, including rates of N mineralization by bacteria, fungi, root-feeding nematodes, collembolans, fungal-feeding mites, fungal-feeding nematodes, flagellates, bacterial-feeding nematodes, amoebae, omnivorous nematodes, predaceous nematodes, nematode-feeding mites, and predaceous mites. Bacteria are estimated to mineralize the most N (4.5 g N m−2 year−1), followed by the fauna (2.9), and fungi (0.3). Bacterial-feeding amoebae and nematodes together account for over 83% of N mineralization by the fauna. The detrital food web in a shortgrass prairie is similar to that of a desert grassland. The shortgrass detrital web seems to be divided into bacteria- and fungus-based components, although these two branches are united at the level of predaceous nematodes and mites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260580
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An analysis of food-web structure and function in a shortgrass prairie, a mountain meadow, and a lodgepole pine forest (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 29-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Detrital food web ; Microbial ecology ; Soil fauna ; Carbofuran ; Dimethoate ; Lodgepole pine forest ; Semiarid grasslands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The structure of the below-ground detrital food web was similar in three different semiarid vegetation types: lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta subsp. latifolia), mountain meadow (Agropyron smithii), and shortgrass prairie (Bouteloua gracilis). The densities of component food-web functional groups and the response to removal of component groups, differed however. As measured by biomass, bacteria were dominant in the meadow and prairie, while fungi were dominant in the forest. Resourde-base dominance was reflected in consumer dominance, and both directly correlated with the form of inorganic N present. Bacterial-feeding nematodes were numerically dominant in the meadow and prairie, while microarthropods were dominant in the forest. Ammonium-N was the dominant form in the forest, while nitrate —nitrite-N was the more important form in both bacterial-dominated grasslands. Addition of a biocide solution containing carbofuran and dimethoate reduced the numbers of both microarthropods and nematodes. In the bacterial-dominated grasslands, these reductions resulted in no apparent effect on bacterial densities because one group of bacterial consumers (protozoa) increased following the decrease in bacteria-feeding nematodes, in increased fungal biomass, and in increased soil inorganic N. Conversely, in the forest, following the biocide-induced reduction in consumers, the total fungal biomass decreased, but inorganic-N levels increased. The meadow appeared to be the most resilient of the three ecosystems to biocide disturbance, as both nematode and arthropod numbers returned to control levels more rapidly in the meadow than in the prairie or the forest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260513
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inter- and intraspecific feeding selectivity of Folsomia candida (Willem) (Collembola, Isotomidae) on fungi (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1987), S. 6-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Inter- and intraspecific feeding ; Collembola ; Folsomia candida ; Acremonium sp. ; Paecilomyces varioti ; Penicillium citrinum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Selective grazing of fungi by soil microarthropods may affect decomposition rates of litter materials and the structure of microarthropod and fungal communities. We developed laboratory methods to assay feeding selectivity and investigated the preferences of the collembolan Folsomia candida on three fungi: Acremonium sp., Paecilomyces varioti, and Penicillium citrinum. F. candida showed stronger preference for Acremonium sp. than for P. varioti and P. citrinum. Oviposition site selection followed the same pattern. Actively metabolizing hyphae of Acremonium sp. and P. varioti were preferred over senescent hyphae, while spores of P. citrinum were preferred over active hyphae. If microarthropod preference for active hyphae is extensive, microarthropod regulation of decomposition could be more important than their biomass indicates. Furthermore, as the P. citrinum results indicate, mechanisms of microbial dissemination may include selective grazing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264338
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Filter-out-grazers (FOG): A filtration experiment for separating protozoan grazers in soil (1985)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 1 (1985), S. 73-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Protozoa ; Ciliates ; flagellates ; Nitrogen and phosphorus mineralization ; Grazing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In the present experiment, natural protozoan fauna and other microbial components in water extracts from shortgrass prairie soil were separated on the basis of size by differential filtration (8-, 5-, and 3-μm porosities). All extracts contained bacteria and fungi, along with a few very small flagellates (3-μm pore size filtrate); flagellates and a few small amoebae (5-μm pore size filtrate); and flagellates, small amoebae, and small ciliates (8-μm pore size filtrate). All microorganisms, except a few species of flagellates, were present in the centrifuge treatment. Each filtrate was added to sterile soil, and the population of each microbial group was determined after inoculation at intervals up to 80 days (at room temperature). Populations of all added groups decreased on initial addition to soil but then increased during the incubation. By following nitrogen, phosphorus, and CO2 dynamics, we observed impacts of protozoan grazing on bacteria, including mineralization of N from microbial biomass.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255133
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbial characteristics of ectomycorrhizal mat communities in Oregon and California (1991)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 11 (1991), S. 196-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Ectomycorrhizae ; Microbial activity ; Nitrogen cycle ; Mat communities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Specialized ectomycorrhizal fungi form dense mats in forest soils that have different enzyme levels, higher respiration rates, more biomass, different soil fauna, and different soil chemistry compared with adjacent soils not obviously colonized by these mats. In this study, mats formed by two genera of fungi collected in three locations were compared with a wide range of measurements. Per cent moisture, pH, chloroform fumigation-flush C, anaerobic N mineralization, exchangeable ammonium, and respiration, N2 fixation, and denitrification rates were compared between soils or litter colonized by ectomycorrhizal mat-forming fungi and adjacent non-mat material. Significant differences were observed between the two genera of mat-forming fungi and also between mats formed primarily in mineral soil and those formed in litter. These differences suggest that different mat-forming fungi perform different functions in forest soils and that these fungi function differently in mineral soil compared with litter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335767
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of streptomycin, cycloheximide, Fungizone, captan, carbofuran, cygon, and PCNB on soil microorganisms (1984)
    Springer
    Microbial ecology 10 (1984), S. 345-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-184X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eight biocides were chosen to determine whether they had any effects on nontarget organisms in soil and to what extent they would reduce their target populations under laboratory experimental conditions. A simplified microcosm system was utilized in which reduced species arrays that included field populations of either only bacteria and fungi, or bacteria, fungi, and protozoa (no nematodes, arthropods, or plants) were inoculated into sterilized soil. In a second set of experiments, plants were grown in sterilized soil. A bactericide-streptomycin-four fungicides-cycloheximide, Fungizone (amphotericin B), captan, and PCNB (quintozene)-an acaricide-cygon-an insecticide-nematicide-carbofuran-and an insecticide-diazinon-were used. Each biocide had effects on nontarget organisms although the increases or decreases, with respect to the control, were of only limited duration. Reductions in target groups were typically of longer duration. Streptomycin, applied at 1 mg·g−1 soil, did not decrease bacterial populations during the experimental incubation. At 3 mg·g−1 soil, streptomycin decreased the numbers of bacteria that grew on tryptone agar, but also reduced active hyphae. Fungizone was the most effective of the 4 fungicides tested in reducing active hyphae. Increased bacterial populations were usually observed following fungal reductions. Carbofuran had the fewest effects on the test organisms (bacteria, fungi, and protozoa). Only an initial stimulation of bacterial and fungal populations was observed with cygon although it also increased NH4 +-N concentrations in soil during most of the incubation, as did streptomycin and cycloheximide. A transitory increase in fungal populations following a decrease in ciliate numbers was observed in the cygon with grazers treatments. Diazinon reduced all microbial populations and inorganic nitrogen concentrations measured. Cygon and PCNB decreased growth of blue grama plants, while streptomycin reduced shoot weights of blue grama. These results should be useful in assessing the effects of these biocides when applied to more complex systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02015559
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phosphatase activity ofPenicillium citrinum submerged batch cultures and its relationship to fungal activity (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 81 (1984), S. 61-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Fluorescein-diacetate ; Fungal activity ; Phosphatase ; Penicillium citrinum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Acid and alkaline phosphatase activities were evaluated using batch fermenter cultues ofPenicillium citrinum, an organism used in studies of fungal functioning in soil. Fungal activity was assessed by monitoring rates of O2 utilization, glucose utilization, dry weight changes over time, and lengths of FDA-stained hyphae. At low growth rates (7 μg dry wt increases·h−1·ml−1) and low culture activity, phosphatase activity at both pH 8.5 and 5.5 tended to decrease with culture age, with the exception that phosphatase activity at pH 8.5 peaked during early stationary phase. At higher growth rates (25 μg dry wt increase·h−1·ml−1) and high culture activity, phosphatase activity tended to remain constant throughout the course of the experiment. The relationship between phosphatase activity and other measures of fungal activity was consistent only at low growth rates for acid phosphatase. These results suggest that phosphatase measurements will be of limited utility in assessing activity, except at low growth rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02206894
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