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  • 1
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    A mechanism of extreme growth and reliable signaling in sexually selected ornaments and weapons (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-07-28
    Description: Many male animals wield ornaments or weapons of exaggerated proportions. We propose that increased cellular sensitivity to signaling through the insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) pathway may be responsible for the extreme growth of these structures. We document how rhinoceros beetle horns, a sexually selected weapon, are more sensitive to nutrition and more responsive to perturbation of the insulin/IGF pathway than other body structures. We then illustrate how enhanced sensitivity to insulin/IGF signaling in a growing ornament or weapon would cause heightened condition sensitivity and increased variability in expression among individuals--critical properties of reliable signals of male quality. The possibility that reliable signaling arises as a by-product of the growth mechanism may explain why trait exaggeration has evolved so many different times in the context of sexual selection.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Emlen, Douglas J -- Warren, Ian A -- Johns, Annika -- Dworkin, Ian -- Lavine, Laura Corley -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Aug 17;337(6096):860-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1224286. Epub 2012 Jul 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, 104 Health Science Building, Missoula, MT 59812, USA. doug.emlen@mso.umt.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22837386" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Beetles/*anatomy & histology/genetics/*growth & development ; Gene Knockdown Techniques ; Horns/*anatomy & histology/*growth & development ; Insulin/physiology ; Male ; *Mating Preference, Animal ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Receptor, Insulin/genetics/*physiology ; *Signal Transduction ; Somatomedins/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Extensive Local Gene Duplication and Functional Divergence among Paralogs in Atlantic Salmon (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-07-17
    Description: Many organisms can generate alternative phenotypes from the same genome, enabling individuals to exploit diverse and variable environments. A prevailing hypothesis is that such adaptation has been favored by gene duplication events, which generate redundant genomic material that may evolve divergent functions. Vertebrate examples of recent whole-genome duplications are sparse although one example is the salmonids, which have undergone a whole-genome duplication event within the last 100 Myr. The life-cycle of the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar , depends on the ability to produce alternating phenotypes from the same genome, to facilitate migration and maintain its anadromous life history. Here, we investigate the hypothesis that genome-wide and local gene duplication events have contributed to the salmonid adaptation. We used high-throughput sequencing to characterize the transcriptomes of three key organs involved in regulating migration in S. salar : Brain, pituitary, and olfactory epithelium. We identified over 10,000 undescribed S. salar sequences and designed an analytic workflow to distinguish between paralogs originating from local gene duplication events or from whole-genome duplication events. These data reveal that substantial local gene duplications took place shortly after the whole-genome duplication event. Many of the identified paralog pairs have either diverged in function or become noncoding. Future functional genomics studies will reveal to what extent this rich source of divergence in genetic sequence is likely to have facilitated the evolution of extreme phenotypic plasticity required for an anadromous life-cycle.
    Electronic ISSN: 1759-6653
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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