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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Apoplastic and total peroxidase activities in Scots pine needles at subarctic polluted sites (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Forest pathology 29 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0329
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A gradient survey was carried out in order to compare peroxidase activity in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) needles in relation to distance from the industrial centre of Monchegorsk, on the Kola Peninsula in north-western Russia. Apoplastic and total peroxidase activity and sulphur (S), nickel (Ni) and copper (Cu) content in the needles of mature trees were measured on seven plots located between 10 and 110 km from the pollution source. Peroxidase activities in both current- and previous-year needles increased towards the smelters and showed a positive correlation with needle S, Cu and Ni concentrations. Total peroxidase activities showed a more obvious relationship to the pollution gradient in winter than in autumn. The element contents in the current year needles averaged 1649 ppm (S), 128 ppm (Ni) and 118 ppm (Cu) close to the smelters, 1212 ppm (S), 37 ppm (Ni) and 67 ppm (Cu) at a distance of 40 km and 831 ppm (S), 7 ppm (Ni) and 1 ppm (Cu) at the most distant sampling plot.This study showed that both the apoplastic and total peroxidase activities responded to heavy metal and sulphur pollution up to 40 km from the smelters in winter, which indicated an increased oxidative stress in this area. The harsh climate conditions and the high pollution levels may have had additive effects. However, as peroxidases are considered a general indicator of stress, it is not possible to evaluate the extent to which single pollutants contribute to this enzyme activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0329.1999.00175.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of UV-B radiation on epidermal anatomy in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 23 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The effects of enhanced UV-B radiation on the needle anatomy of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) were studied in the field under supplemental UV-B radiation supplied by a modulated irradiation system. The supplemental UV-B levels were designed to simulate either a 16 or 25% loss of stratospheric ozone over College Park, Maryland. Enhanced UV-B radiation caused different responses in these two species. The needles of loblolly pine had larger amounts of tannin in the lumen of epidermal cells and more wall-bound phenolics in the outer epidermal walls of UV-B-treated needles, whereas the most pronounced effect on Scots pine needles was increased cutinization. In both species, the outer epidermal cell walls thickened and the needle cross-sectional and mesophyll areas decreased (statistically significantly only in Scots pine). This suggests that more carbon may have been allocated to the protection mechanisms at the expense of photosynthetic area. The difference in response between these species suggests that the response to UV-B radiation is not mediated by a single mechanism and that no generalization with regard to the effects of UV-B on conifers can be made.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2000.00566.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pine needle growth and fine structure after prolonged acid rain treatment in the subarctic (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 17 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The growth and morphology of Scots pine needles were studied in a long-term acid rain experiment in the far north of Finnish Lapland. Pine trees 5 m tall of age 50–70 years were exposed, by spraying the foliage and soil from a height of 2 m, to either clean water (IC) or acidified water over the period 1985–1992, the acidification site being divided into sub-areas in which the precipitation contained two levels of either sulphuric (Sm, Sh) or nitric (Nm, Nh) acid, or both (SNm, SNh). The treatments with medium and high sulphate-S over eight consecutive years yielded a total sulphur deposition of 3·4 and 17·1 gm−2, respectively, and those with medium and high nitrate-N a total nitrogen deposition of 1·1 and 5·9 g m−2. Needles were collected for light and electron microscopy, growth measurements and morphometry. Growth in branch height had decreased by about 40% after 6 years of SNm or SNh treatment, and needle growth by 15% in the SNh trees as compared with the irrigated control trees (IC), although decreases were statistically significant only with respect to the non-irrigated control trees (DC). Growth of branches and needles was slightly better in the Nh treatment than in the IC group. The areas of the whole needle, the mesophyll and the phloem decreased in response to SNh treatment as compared with IC or DC, and a statistically significant decrease of about 30–40% was seen in the area of the xylem in comparison with DC. Cellular damage was observed following the acid treatments, especially with a high acid load. The damage was manifested in collapse of the cellular compartments, increases in lipid accumulations and swelling or disorganization of the protoplast. Increased vacuolization of the cytoplasm, plasmalemma irregularities and chilling-type damage to the mitochondria were also observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1994.tb02024.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of leguminous ground cover competition on red birch and soil nutrient status in the nursery (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 216 (1999), S. 129-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: belowground competition ; Betula pubescens ; Festuca ; nutrient proportions ; Trifolium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Legumes as ground cover are regularly planted to increase nitrogen economy of crops and to improve soil. In the present study various clover species were evaluated as vegetative ground cover in nursery field production of micropropagated red birch (Betula pubescensEhrh. f. rubraUlvinen f. nova) in two 2-year experiments. The clover species and cultivars, Trifolium pratenseL. ‘Bjursele’, T. repens L. ‘Jogeva’, T. repens L. ‘Sonja’, T. hybridum L. ‘Frida’, T. incarnatum L. ‘Opolska’, T. resupinatum L. and T. subterraneum L. were compared to grass sod Festuca rubra L. ‘Ensylva’ and to a coverless ground (control). The last one was kept weed free by hand hoeing. Birch (leaves, stems, branches and roots) and soil nutrient concentrations (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Fe) were analysed and nutrient ratios in birch determined. The annual clovers, T. incarnatumL., T. resupinatumL. and T. subterraneumL., provided about the same nutrient status in birch as did the control. Perennial clovers and grass were strong competitors with trees. High levels of P and Mg in birch leaves relative to N concentration were typical for poorly growing seedlings. Neither annual nor perennial clovers did generally improve soil nutrient status.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004731009386
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pigment Concentrations and Ratios of Aleppo Pine Seedlings Exposed to Ozone (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 116 (1999), S. 333-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Pinus halepensis ; chlorophyll ; carotenoid ; net photosynthesis ; visible damage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Two-year-old Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) seedlings were exposed to ambient air+50 ppb O3 in open-top chambers (24 hours/day, 7 days/week) during May-October 1997 and to ambient air+70 ppb O3 from May 1998 onwards. One growing season fumigation with ozone did not affect the pigment concentrations of the current-year (c) needles, nor were there any differences in photosynthesis or stomatal conductance. In May 1998, however, a marked carry-over effect was seen in the chlorophyll a and b and total carotenoid concentrations of the O3-fumigated one-year-old (c+1) needles. The chlorophyll a and b and total carotenoid concentrations of newly flushed needles of the O3-fumigated seedlings also seemed to be slightly decreased, as was their net photosynthesis when compared to the values of the filtered-air control needles. The chlorotic mottle and the changes in chloroplast pigments and photosynthesis of the c and/or c+1 needles of the NFA+O33 seedlings in May 1998 indicate that frequent episodes of ozone concentrations of ≥100 ppb, especially when they also occur during the evening and night hours, as in some areas in southern Europe, may result in visible needle damage on Aleppo pine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005233025368
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Erosion effects of air pollution on needle surfaces (1986)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 31 (1986), S. 417-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A scanning electron microscope was used to study the epicuticular wax of conifer needles from forests in the San Bernardino Mountains, California, the Austrian mountains near Graz and Finnish forests under local air pollution stress combined with the northern cold climate. The purpose of the study was to compare and define the role of needle erosion as a factor in tree damage, to compare the injury types in California and European countries and to characterize and further identify the possible role of 03 in needle injuries. In all cases in this preliminary study, there were chronic erosion effects in slightly stressed trees. The different sites where trees were studied, ranging from slightly polluted to heavily polluted areas characterized by different pollutant types, yielded a variety of erosion types. A new injury type related to insect and 03 effects in experimental and field studies was described. Additional research to confirm the results is needed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00630859
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Needle and lichen sulphur analyses on two industrial gradients (1991)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 59 (1991), S. 153-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Total S concentrations in Scots pine (Pine sylvestris L.) needles and the lichen Hypogymnia physodes collected from the vicinity of an oil refinery in southern Finland and a steel works in northern Finland were used as a bioindicator for SO2 deposition. The mean total S concentration in the youngest pine needles decreased by 22% (p 〈0.001) and that of the second youngest needles by 28% (p 〈 0.001) as emissions from the oil refinery were reduced by nearly 50% from 1980 to 1985. Total S concentration in both needles and lichens were higher in the vicinity of the oil refinery due to the greater influence of long-range transport S deposition in southern Finland. The two industrial plants had approximately equal SO2 emissions in 1985. The results suggest that the total S concentration in pine needles is a better indicator of SO2 changes in the ambient air, while that in Hypogymnia physodes seems to be a better bioindicator of total S deposition, past and present.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00283178
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  • 8
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    Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) needles in northern Finland (1988)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 1988-10-01
    Print ISSN: 0300-1237
    Electronic ISSN: 1439-0329
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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  • 9
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    Surface lattice resonances and magneto-optical response in magnetic nanoparticle arrays (2015)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-09
    Description: Article By incorporating magnetic materials into periodic nanostructures, additional control over the magneto-optical response of the system can be introduced. Kataja et al . show that arrays of magnetic nanoparticles exhibit Fano-type surface plasmon resonances with cross-coupling tuned by the lattice symmetry. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms8072 Authors: M. Kataja, T. K. Hakala, A. Julku, M. J. Huttunen, S. van Dijken, P. Törmä
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 10
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    Nucleotide variation at the no-on-transient A gene in Drosophila littoralis (2002)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0018-067X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2540
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer Nature
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