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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ALTERNATIVE MODELS FOR ESTIMATING THE TIME SERIES COMPONENTS OF WATER CONSUMPTION DATA (1977)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 13 (1977), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Understanding the behavior of different time-series components of water consumption data is essential for a more effective analysis of economic incentive effects of alternative policy measures and also closer integration of water supply and demand management. Additive and multiplicative models are used to analyze the trend (T), cyclical (C), seasonal (S) and irregular (I) components. The stepwise regression method was applied to 187 data points (January 1960 to July 1975), each representing average daily water consumption within the service area of the Honolulu Board of Water Supply. Although statistically similar results (R2 0.95 and 0.96 and respective corresponding F-ratios 277 and 307) might suggest little difference in model performances, closer analysis of the results point to important multiplicative effects which should be taken into account in both short-run and long-run analyses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1977.tb05571.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A DYNAMIC MODEL FOR WATER AND RELATED LAND RESOURCE PLANNING (1975)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 11 (1975), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: . Planning an optimal system of activities for generating economic goods and services within an existing natural resource capacity is a difficult problem to solve. A mathematical programming model with the capacity to check multiple resource demand and supply compatibility over many time periods was developed for the solution to this type of problem. The characteristics of natural resource supply and the demand of activities were utilized to reduce the number of time periods and to minimize the loss of the dynamic reality of the problem. Reduction in the number of time periods extended the capability of the model to the solution of complex resource planning problems without oversimplification.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1975.tb00658.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    REPLY TO DISCUSSION by David R. Givers and Jay A. Leitch (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 26 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1990.tb01393.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FARM INCOME AND GROUND WATER QUALITY IMPLICATIONS FROM REDUCING SURFACE WATER SEDIMENT DELWERIES (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The potential surface water and ground water quality tradeoff implications from the nonpoint source provisions of the 1987 Water Quality Act are investigated in this paper using a national linear programming model developed at Iowa State University and modified by the Economic Research Service and the Leaching Evaluation of Agricultural Chemicals (LEACH) Handbook developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The linear programming model is used to maximize net farm revenue using optimal combinations of crop rotations and tillage practices for each region of the United States given natural resource constraints. The LEACH handbook is used to determine the relative potential for pesticides to leach below the root zone for different soil types, hydrologic conditions, pesticides used, and tillage practices. The results indicate that imposing a surface water quality erosion constraint aimed at reducing sediment concentrations results in a larger decrease in farm income than imposing a uniform 5 ton per acre per year erosion constraint. Both constraints could result in regional improvement in ground water quality in some regions of the country while decreasing ground water quality in other regions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb01334.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE DETERMINATION OF AN OPTIMAL POLICY FOR PROTECTING GROUND WATER QUALITY (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : An analytical framework is presented that identifies the tradeoffa that a regional authority desiring to enhance ground water quality is confronted with as it strives to balance the preferences of farmers and households while endeavoring to maximize net regional welfare. The basic rule developed indicates that the regional authority must choose a policy whereby any increase (decrease) in regional income is just equal to the decrease (increase) in net benefits to households.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05392.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The impact of the nitrogen carryover effect on economic activity and the environment (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 34 (1998), S. 116-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Agricultural production ; Agriculture and the environment ; Soil nitrogen tests ; Technological change
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The economic and environmental consequences of soil nitrogen tests can have significant impacts on agricultural production. Some of these are explored here. The pre-side-dress soil N-test is evaluated for a hypothetical farmer growing corn at the ARS Sustainable Agriculture Demonstration Farm site in southern Maryland. For a farmer not currently using a soil N-test, adoption of this technology can lead to the enhancement of net farm income and the reduction in nitrogen loss to the environment. This will transpire only if the farmer is currently underestimating nitrogen carryover by more than 25% or applying nitrogen fertilizer based solely on an expected plateau-yield goal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540050262
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Integrated analysis of policy options for protection of groundwater quality (1990)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 15 (1990), S. 233-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper is directed at providing an integrated framework that a regional authority should use when assessing the potential impacts of any policy initiative directed at improving groundwater quality. In particular, a policy model is developed relying on three decision components (a farm-level production decisions model, a household decisions model and a regional policy decision model) where the objective is one of identifying the trade-offs that a regional authority will be confronted with as it strives to balance the preferences of farmers and households while endeavoring to maximize net economic welfare. The basic rule developed indicates that the regional authority must choose a policy whereby any increase (decrease) in regional income is just equal to the decrease (increase) in net benefits to households.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01706415
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photothermal radiometric detection and imaging of surface cracks (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 6 (1987), S. 87-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: Photothermal ; imaging ; radiometric measurement ; infrared scanning ; crack detection ; crack mapping ; moving spot of heat ; surface temperature ; differential detection ; laser heating
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses surface crack detection by photothermal radiometric imaging (PRI). In PRI, also called dynamic infrared scanning, a surface is scanned with a spot of heat. Imperfections are detected by radiometrically sensing changes in the surface temperature of a small area in the vicinity of this spot. In the work described, cracks narrower than 25 µm (0.001 in.) in a lightly rusted steel surface have been detected. Indiscrete scanning an amplitude modulated heating beam is moved in steps, remaining at each location long enough to measure amplitude and phase of the AC temperature. Incontinuous scanning a constant intensity heating beam is moved continuously while the temperature deviations are measured. This paper presents methods of calculating amplitude and phase of surface temperature for discrete scanning and instantaneous temperature for continuous scanning across a surface crack. For a steel surface scanned by a watt-level laser beam, predicted surface temperature deviations when crossing the crack are several degrees Celsius, with expected radiometrically detected power several orders of magnitude above the detector noise. In experiments performed, both techniques easily detected narrow cracks in a smooth, clean surface. Discolorations and pits, on the other hand, generate a disturbing type of “surface noise.” This noise was minimized by differential detection. Based on results obtained, continuously scanned PRI with a fan-type heating beam and array detection could become a viable way of mapping surface cracks at practical scanning speeds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00568887
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The application timing of nitrogen fertilizer (1994)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 73 (1994), S. 189-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper is concerned with factors affecting a farmer's decision concerning the timing of nitrogen ferilizer application. These factors include the expected nitrogen loss associated with different application times, the expected seasonal fluctuations in nitrogen fertilizer prices and operating costs, and the perceived risk of not being able to apply nitrogen fertilizer during the growing season. This paper shows that a split application of nitrogen fertilizer is an optimal strategy for both risk-neutral and risk-averse cotton farmers in the United States if there is a possibility that they may be unable to apply nitrogen fertilizer after planting. Furthermore, a risk-averse cotton farmer relative to a risk neutral farmer will apply more nitrogen fertilizer prior to planting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477986
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of farming practices on reducing excess nitrogen fertilizer use (1994)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 77 (1994), S. 79-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A nitrogen balance model is used to investigate the adoption of a crop rotation and the limitation on the application of nitrogen fertilizer to reduce excess nitrogen. For a farmer initially planting corn continuously, the adoption of a soybeans-corn rotation will have a smaller compliance cost but it will not eliminate the excess application of nitrogen fertilizer under a relatively low nitrogen fertilizer to corn price ratio. An explicit limitation on nitrogen fertilizer use would be needed to achieve this objective. Limiting nitrogen fertilizer use on cropland susceptible to a high potential for leaching will have a smaller compliance cost than on cropland with a moderate potential for leaching.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00483051
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