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Specific and direct measurement of theβ-1,3-glucan in developing cotton fiber (1984)

Rowland, Stanley P. ; Howley, Phyllis S. ; Anthony, W. Stanley

Springer

Planta 161 (1984), S. 281-287

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ISSN: 1432-2048

Keywords: Fiber (development) ; β-1,3-Glucan ; Gossypium (fiber development)

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract The reaction of N,N-diethylaziridinium chloride with raw cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seed fibers to introduce N,N-diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) substituents at a low degree of substitution was used for demonstrating the presence of O(4)H, characteristic of a β-1,3-glucan. The derivatized 1,3-glucan/cellulose was hydrolyzed to DEAE-glucoses that were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. Capillary columns proved effective for measuring the small amounts of 4-O-DEAE-glucose in the presence of major amounts of 2-O- and 6-O-DEAE-glucoses. Analyses of raw cotton fibers were carried out through fiber development (20, 27, 34, 41 and 48 d post anthesis, DPA) and field exposure (62, 83 and 104 DPA) periods. The yields of 4-O- and other individual DEAE-glucoses and the yield of 4-O-DEAE-glucose in relation to 2-O-DEAE-glucose were particularly informative concenring the role of the β-1,3-glucan in cellulose. The results confirmed the early production and almost immediate decrease of the β-1,3-glucan and demonstrated continued production of accessible cellulose followed by a sharp decrease in accessibility after boll opening. The β-1,3-glucan content of the raw cotton fiber, estimated from the yield of 4-O-DEAE-glucose (representing 1,3-glucan) and the yield of 2-O-DEAE-glucose (approximating 1,3-glucan plus cellulose) was 10%, 4%, 1% and 0.6% at, in the order given, 20, 27, 48, and 104 DPA. These results are in general agreement with other conventional analyses.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00982926

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Hydrogen bonding on accessible surfaces of cellulose from various sources and relationship to order within crystalline regions (1988)

Rowland, Stanley P. ; Howley, Phyllis S.

Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell

Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 26 (1988), S. 1769-1778

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ISSN: 0887-624X

Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science

Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000

Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology

Notes: Celluloses from a variety of common sources were analyzed for availabilities of O(2)H, O(3)H, and O(6)H in order to estimate the extent of hydrogen bonding on accessible fibrillar surfaces. Celluloses from flax, ramie, sisal, and wood (both cellulose I and II from wood) together with liquid NH3-swollen cotton and NaOH-swollen cotton (cellulose II) had relative availabilities similar to those of native cotton. Celluloses from Valonia centricosa and in rayon samples stood apart from each other and from the “cotton family.” The difference between Valonia and cotton celluloses appears to result, in addition to the accepted smaller, less perfect crystallites in cotton, from an O(2)H hydrogen bond which is likely the intramolecular bond between O(2)H and O(6′)H that is present in Valonia and absent in cotton. Rayon samples also showed evidence of similar bonds involving O(2)H on accessible surfaces. Since the regenerated rayons had relative availabilities different from those of mercerized cotton and wood cellulose samples, it is proposed that chain packing arrangements are not the same in these two types of cellulose II.

Additional Material: 2 Tab.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1988.080260708

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Simplified hydrolysis of cellulose and substituted cellulose: Observations on trifluoroacetic acid hydrolyses (1989)

Rowland, Stanley P. ; Howley, Phyllis S.

New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell

Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 2371-2382

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ISSN: 0021-8995

Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science

Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000

Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics

Notes: Hydrolyses of selected soluble polysaccharides (e.g., polyoses) and disordered and crystalline celluloses, each bearing 2-diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) substituents at low degree of substitution (DS 〈 0.05) were explored in 100% and 2N trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). Analyses were evaluated relative to hydrolysis with 72% sulfuric acid. DEAE-polyoses hydrolyzed readily in 100% and 2 N TFA during extended reaction periods with complete liberation of DEAE-glucoses. Hydrolyses of cellulose and DEAE-celluloses in 100% TFA were critically dependent upon cautious incremental dilution of the TFA during stepwise reaction to avoid precipitation of incompletely hydrolyzed products. DEAE-celluloses were partially solubilized and hydrolyzed in heterogeneous reaction in 2N TFA at 121°C. Complete liberation of DEAE-glucoses in the solubilized components was achieved after supplementary hydrolysis at 121°C. In all hydrolyses, including those with 72% sulfuric acid, extended hydrolyses were essential for complete liberation of the 2-O- and 6-O-DEAE-glucoses. Under optimum conditions, results of hydrolyses in 100% TFA were comparable to those in 72% sulfuric acid. Ease of release of DEAE-glucopyranoses in hydrolyses of DEAE-cellulose in 2N TFA was in the same order (3-O- 〉 6-O-〉 2-O-) as in homogeneous hydrolyses in sulfuric acid and in 100% TFA. Differences in release of isomeric DEAE-glucoses were greater in the heterogenous system. Degradation of glucose and DEAE-glucopyranoses occurred in extended periods of reaction in all acidic media. Rates of degradation of glucose and DEAE-glucopyranoses in dilute acid at 100°C were similar for glucose and 6-O-DEAE-glucose. The rates were about half as fast for 3-O-DEAE-glucose and an order of magnitude lower for 2-O-DEAE-glucose.

Additional Material: 5 Ill.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070370825

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Microstructural order in the developing cotton fiber based on availabilities of hydroxyl groups (1985)

Rowland, Stanley P. ; Howley, Phyllis S.

New York : Wiley-Blackwell

Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 183-192

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ISSN: 0360-6376

Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science

Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000

Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology

Notes: The relative availabilities of accessible O(2)H, O(3)H, and O(6)H in the cellulose of developing cotton fibers were measured by conducting a reaction to a low degree of substitution under mild conditions in an aqueous medium. Raw cotton fibers from unopened bolls and from mature, opened bolls were studied. Correction was made for the presence of a β-1,3-glucan that was detected by substitution at the abundant O(4)H of this polysaccharide. The order of decreasing availability of hydroxyl groups of cellulose was O(2)H 〉 O(6)H 〉 〉 O(3)H. Results indicate that cellulose in the secondary wall of the cotton fiber is laid down with a high degree of order and that this order decreases with opening of the boll.

Additional Material: 1 Ill.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1985.170230119

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