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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Passing the Strongly Voiced Components of Noisy Speech (1970)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 226 (1970), S. 178-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In the experiments by Cherry and Wiley a preferred level of added noise was derived subjectively by each listener and used for all listening tests. Sizable individual differences were noted in the selected intensity of added noise. I have presented gated sentences (five to eight words in length) ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/226178a0
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 2
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    Passing the Strongly Voiced Components of Noisy Speech (1970)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 1970-04-01
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Springer Nature
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    PAPER CURRENT
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    The ESA/NASA SOHO mission interruption: using the STAMP accident analysis technique for a software related ?mishap? (2003)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0038-0644
    Electronic ISSN: 1097-024X
    Topics: Computer Science
    Published by Wiley
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 4
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    A Survey of Logic Formalisms to Support Mishap Analysis (2003)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-11
    Description: Mishap investigations provide important information about adverse events and near miss incidents. They are intended to help avoid any recurrence of previous failures. Over time, they can also yield statistical information about incident frequencies that helps to detect patterns of failure and can validate risk assessments. However, the increasing complexity of many safety critical systems is posing new challenges for mishap analysis. Similarly, the recognition that many failures have complex, systemic causes has helped to widen the scope of many mishap investigations. These two factors have combined to pose new challenges for the analysis of adverse events. A new generation of formal and semi-formal techniques have been proposed to help investigators address these problems. We introduce the term mishap logics to collectively describe these notations that might be applied to support the analysis of mishaps. The proponents of these notations have argued that they can be used to formally prove that certain events created the necessary and sufficient causes for a mishap to occur. These proofs can be used to reduce the bias that is often perceived to effect the interpretation of adverse events. Others have argued that one cannot use logic formalisms to prove causes in the same way that one might prove propositions or theorems. Such mechanisms cannot accurately capture the wealth of inductive, deductive and statistical forms of inference that investigators must use in their analysis of adverse events. This paper provides an overview of these mishap logics. It also identifies several additional classes of logic that might also be used to support mishap analysis.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Reliability Engineering and System Safety (ISSN 0951-8320); Volume 80; 271-291
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
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    The Strengths and Weaknesses of Logic Formalisms to Support Mishap Analysis (2002)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-05
    Description: The increasing complexity of many safety critical systems poses new problems for mishap analysis. Techniques developed in the sixties and seventies cannot easily scale-up to analyze incidents involving tightly integrated software and hardware components. Similarly, the realization that many failures have systemic causes has widened the scope of many mishap investigations. Organizations, including NASA and the NTSB, have responded by starting research and training initiatives to ensure that their personnel are well equipped to meet these challenges. One strand of research has identified a range of mathematically based techniques that can be used to reason about the causes of complex, adverse events. The proponents of these techniques have argued that they can be used to formally prove that certain events created the necessary and sufficient causes for a mishap to occur. Mathematical proofs can reduce the bias that is often perceived to effect the interpretation of adverse events. Others have opposed the introduction of these techniques by identifying social and political aspects to incident investigation that cannot easily be reconciled with a logic-based approach. Traditional theorem proving mechanisms cannot accurately capture the wealth of inductive, deductive and statistical forms of inference that investigators routinely use in their analysis of adverse events. This paper summarizes some of the benefits that logics provide, describes their weaknesses, and proposes a number of directions for future research.
    Keywords: Systems Analysis and Operations Research
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 6
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    A survey of functional programming language principles (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Research in the area of functional programming languages has intensified in the 8 years since John Backus' Turing Award Lecture on the topic was published. The purpose of this paper is to present a survey of the ideas of functional programming languages. The paper assumes the reader is comfortable with mathematics and has knowledge of the basic principles of traditional programming languages, but does not assume any prior knowledge of the ideas of functional languages. A simple functional language is defined and used to illustrate the basic ideas. Topics discussed include the reasons for developing functional languages, methods of expressing concurrency, the algebra of functional programming languages, program transformation techniques, and implementations of functional languages. Existing functional languages are also mentioned. The paper concludes with the author's opinions as to the future of functional languages. An annotated bibliography on the subject is also included.
    Keywords: COMPUTER PROGRAMMING AND SOFTWARE
    Type: NASA-TM-89019 , NAS 1.15:89019
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 7
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    A Technique for Showing Causal Arguments in Accident Reports (2005)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-11
    Description: In the prototypical accident report, specific findings, particularly those related to causes and contributing factors, are usually written out explicitly and clearly. Also, the evidence upon which these findings are based is typically explained in detail. Often lacking, however, is any explicit discussion, description, or depiction of the arguments that connect the findings and the evidence. That is, the reports do not make clear why the investigators believe that the specific evidence they found necessarily leads to the particular findings they enumerated. This paper shows how graphical techniques can be used to depict relevant arguments supporting alternate positions on the causes of a complex road-traffic accident.
    Keywords: Technology Utilization and Surface Transportation
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 8
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    "Evidence" Under a Magnifying Glass: Thoughts on Safety Argument Epistemology (2015)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Common definitions of "safety case" emphasize that evidence is the basis of a safety argument, yet few widely referenced works explicitly define "evidence". Their examples suggest that similar things can be regarded as evidence. But the category evidence seems to contain (1) processes for finding things out, (2) information resulting from such processes, and (3) relevant documents. Moreover, any item of evidence could be replaced by further argument. Normative models of informal argumentation do not offer clear guidance on when a safety argument should cite evidence rather than appeal to a more detailed argument. Disciplines such as the law address the problem with a practical, domain-specific epistemology. In this paper, we explore these problems associated with evidence citations in safety arguments, identify goals for a theory of safety argument evidence and a practical safety argument epistemology, propose a model of safety evidence citation that advances the identified goals, and present a related extension to the Goal Structuring Notation (GSN).
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: NF1676L-21485 , System Safety and Cyber Security 2015 (SSCS 2015); Oct 20, 2015 - Oct 22, 2015; Bristol; United Kingdom
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 9
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    Planning the Unplanned Experiment: Towards Assessing the Efficacy of Standards for Safety-Critical Software (2015)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Safe use of software in safety-critical applications requires well-founded means of determining whether software is fit for such use. While software in industries such as aviation has a good safety record, little is known about whether standards for software in safety-critical applications 'work' (or even what that means). It is often (implicitly) argued that software is fit for safety-critical use because it conforms to an appropriate standard. Without knowing whether a standard works, such reliance is an experiment; without carefully collecting assessment data, that experiment is unplanned. To help plan the experiment, we organized a workshop to develop practical ideas for assessing software safety standards. In this paper, we relate and elaborate on the workshop discussion, which revealed subtle but important study design considerations and practical barriers to collecting appropriate historical data and recruiting appropriate experimental subjects. We discuss assessing standards as written and as applied, several candidate definitions for what it means for a standard to 'work,' and key assessment strategies and study techniques and the pros and cons of each. Finally, we conclude with thoughts about the kinds of research that will be required and how academia, industry, and regulators might collaborate to overcome the noted barriers.
    Keywords: Computer Programming and Software; Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: NF1676L-20966 , International Systems Safety Conference; Aug 24, 2015 - Aug 27, 2015; San Diego, CA; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 10
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    Towards Understanding the DO-178C / ED-12C Assurance Case (2012)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This paper describes initial work towards building an explicit assurance case for DO-178C / ED-12C. Two specific questions are explored: (1) What are some of the assumptions upon which the guidance in the document relies, and (2) What claims are made concerning test coverage analysis?
    Keywords: Computer Programming and Software
    Type: NF1676L-14750 , 7th International IET System Safety Conference, Incorporating the Cyber Security Conference 2012; Oct 15, 2012 - Oct 18, 2012; Edinburgh; United Kingdom
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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