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  • 1
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Graft copolymers of styrene-acrylonitrile on polybutadiene are isolated from the mixture with styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer formed during the graft copolymerization and are subjected to an oxidative degradation with potassium permanganate. The styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer grafted onto the polybutadiene can be isolated from the oxidation residue; it is, hence, accessible to further investigations. By blank runs it was verified that the styrene-acrylonitrile copolym er is not degraded under the oxidative conditions chosen. The increased content in carboxyl groups of the styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer isolated after oxidation of the polybutadiene grafted with it is attributed to fragments of the degraded graft basis.
    Notes: Pfropfcopolymerisate von Styrol-Acrylnitril auf Polybutadien werden aus dem bei der Pfropfcopolymerisation gebildeten Gemisch mit Styrol-Acrylnitril-Copolymerisat isoliert und einem oxydativen Abbau mit Kaliumpermangnat unterworfen. Aus dem Oxydationsrückstand läßt sich das aufgepfropfte Styrol-Acrylnitril-Copolymerisat abtrennen. Es wird damit weiteren Untersuchungen zugänglich. Durch Blindversuche wurde sichergestellt, daß das Styrol-Acrylnitril-Copolymerisat unter den gewählten Oxydationsbedingungen nicht abgebaut wird. Der erhöhte Carboxylgruppengehalt an dem nach der Oxydation zurückbleibenden Styrol Acrylnitril-Copolymerisat wird auf die an den Styrol-Acrylnitril-Copolymer-Molekülen verbleibenden Fragmente der abgebauten Pfropfgrundlage zurückgeführt.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 177 (1976), S. 1021-1050 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: At the beginning of the polymerisation and in the presence of only a small amount of precipitated polymer the kinetics of the precipitation polymerisation of styrene corresponds to that of a solution polymerisation. But at molecular weights higher than 5000 the ratio of the termination and propagation rate constants is appreciably larger than in solution polymerisation.At conversions lower than 0,05% the number N of particles reaches a value which remains constant during further polymerisation. At a constant monomer concentration N increases with the square of the molecular weight and thus decreases with increasing initiator concentration. Therefore, the theory of particle formation must be reconsidered.Precipitated polymer increases the overall rate of polymerisation proportional to its surface without changing the rate of polymerisation within the solution. Only a small fraction of the polymer radicals is adsorbed by particles before their propagation is terminated. These radicals continue to polymerise on the surface of the particles and increase the overall velocity of polymerisation. The larger the surface of all particles the more rarely termination of an adsorbed radical occurs. Therefore, its kinetic chain length and the molecular heterogeneity of the whole polymer increase with the conversion. The area covered by one radical has the expected magnitude.
    Notes: Zu Beginn und in Gegenwart von nur wenig gefälltem Polymerem entspricht die Kinetik der Fällungspolymerisation von Styrol derjenigen von Lösungspolymerisationen, wobei jedoch das Verhältnis von Abbruchs- und Wachstumskonstante bei Molekulargewichten oberhalb 5000 erheblich größer als bei Lösungspolymerisationen ist.Bei Umsätzen unterhald 0,05% stellt sich eine während der weiteren Polymerisation konstante Teilchenzahl N ein. Bei konstanter Monomerkonzentration steigt N mit dem Quadrat des Molekulargewichtes, sinkt also mit wachsender Initiatorkonzentration ab. Die Theorie der Teilchenbildung muß deshalb neu überdacht werden.Gefälltes Polymeres vergrößert die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit proportional zu seiner Oberfläche, ohne die Polymerisation in der Lösung zu verändern. Nur ein kleiner Teil der entstehenden Polymerradikale lagert sich vor dem Abbruch des Wachstums an Teilchen an und polymerisiert auf deren Oberfläche weiter. Der Abbruch eines adsorbierten Radikals erfolgt um so seltener, je größer die Oberfläche aller Teilchen ist. Deshalb steigt seine kinetische Kettenlänge und damit die Uneinheitlichkeit des gesamten Polymeren mit dem Umsatz. Der Flächenbedarf eines Radikals hat die erwartete Größenordnung.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Extraction and random degradation of networks make it possible to determine the molecular mass“Relative molecular mass” (systematic IUPAC name) is shortened to “molecular mass” throughout this paper. of the network chains, the amount of chain ends, the spatial inhomogeneity of crosslinking, the surprisingly high functionality of the crosslinks, and the efficiency and the transfer of crosslinking radicals. These results are compared with the stress-strain behaviour at low and high extensions, the stress optical coefficient, and the equilibrium swelling degree. A value of the memory term relative to that of crosslinked melts may be deduced from the swelling degree at a given modulus. With this value an “analytical” modulus may be calculated from the analytical results. It corresponds roughly to the Mooney-Rivlin modulus if one neglects the influence of functionality, but there remain deviations which suggest that another method should be developed for determining the modulus of the covalent network. The modulus measured at low extensions cannot be used to calculate the crosslink density in weakly crosslinked polymers.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The distributions of molecular weights and of chemical compositions of a binary linear copolymer may be determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) followed by turbidimetric titration of the eluates. Eluate fractions of 5,0ml are automatically collected and titrated within 7 min. The intensity R of the scattered light at a wavelength λ0=940nm is measured at an angle of 19° to the primary beam and corrected for the change of solution volume V during titration. The solubilities of chemically different molecules of a mixture are influenced somewhat but not substantially by the components of the mixture.During the titration the turbidity of the eluates from graft copolymers often increases with time discontinuously, the points of inflection indicating the precipitation of a new species of molecules. If the dependence of solubility on chemical composition and concentration is known for the particular elution volume, the chemical composition of each species of the titrated molecules may be evaluated from these points of inflection. The elution volume VE and the chemical composition are used for obtaining the molecular weight M from plots of M vs. VE for different chemical compositions. The concentration of a certain species of molecules in the eluate cannot be derived from R itself as has been tried up to now because the turbidity continues to increase after complete precipitation of the polymer. However the rate of coagulation is proportional to the concentration c of precipitated polymer. This leads to a nearly linear dependence of R · V/V0 on log V with a slope porportional to c2. The velocity constants of this coagulation are nearly independent of molecular weight and chemical composition. Therefore the concentration of the first precipitated component of a mixture may be determined absolutely with a relative error of about ±4% at a concentration of 50 mg/l of the mixture. The molecules of a second component of the mixture precipitated at a later stage of the titration are quickly adsorbed by the particles of the first component. After this the enlarged particles coagulate with the coagulation constant of the second component. The velocity of coagulation is now proportional to the sum of the concentrations of the first and second components. The distribution of chemical compositions of the molecules in an eluate may therefore be derived from the increase of turbidity with volume at different points of the titration curve. By plotting such distribution perpendicularly over the curves representing constant elution volume in the M-composition-plane one obtains a three-dimensional surface resembling a mountain range which characterises completely the molecular and compositional distribution of a binary copolymer.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Basic assumptions and theoretical approaches concerning the determination of long chain branching by experimental determination of intrinsic viscosities [η], molecular weights Mw and radii of gyration r of statistical coils of polymers with low heterogeneity of molecular weight (UM ≈ 0,5) are examined. Neither of the two theories which are often applied makes use of the correct relation between the ratios [η]v/[η]1 and of branched and linear molecules of a given molecular weight in good solvents. Both theories neglect the fact that the FOX-FLORY-constant Φ of molecules with strong random branching reaches a limiting value and that certain branching mechanisms give abnormal coil shapes and hence abnormal FOX-FLORY-constants Φ. This is verified experimentally by measurements on swollen spherical gel particles and fractions of star shaped as well as statistically branched polymers and of low-density polyethylenes.Both theories furthermore use restrictive assumptions about the molecular weight distribution and partly unsuitable averages for . Model calculations show that for molecularly inhomogeneous polymers approximately the weight average nw, of the number of branching points per molecule is obtained, if the measurements are evaluated by means of the functions derived for unimolecular polymers.A new method for the evaluation of long chain branching is given, which takes into account the different draining of linear and branched molecules.
    Notes: Wichtige Annahmen und theoretische Ansätze zur Ermittlung der Langkettenverzweigung durch experimentelle Ermittlung von Grenzviskositätszahlen [η], Molekulargewichten Mw und Trägheitsradien r der Knäuel von Polymeren mit geringer Uneinheitlichkeit der Molekulargewichte (UM ≈ 0,5) werden überprüft. Es zeigt sich, daß keine der beiden oft verwendeten Theorien die richtige Beziehung zwischen den Verhältnissen [η]v/[η]1 und verzweigter und linearer Moleküle bestimmten Molekulargewichtes in guten Lösungsmitteln verwendet. Sie vernachlässigen, daß die Durchspülungskonstante statistisch stark verzweigter Moleküle einem Grenzwert zustrebt und bestimmte Verzweigungsmechanismen anomale Knäuelformen und damit auch anomale Durchspülungskonstanten erzeugen. Dies wird experimentell durch Messungen an gequollenen, kugeligen Gelpartikeln und Fraktionen von sternförmig sowie statistisch verzweigten Polymeren und Polyäthylenen niederer Dichte verifiziert.Die Theorien verwenden ferner einschränkende Annahmen über die Molekulargewichts-verteilung und z.T. ungeeignete Mittelwerte für . Modellrechnungen zeigen, daß man bei molekular uneinheitlichen Polymeren näherungsweise das Gewichtsmittel nw der Anzahl Verzweigungspunkte pro Molekül erhält, wenn man die Meßwerte mit den für einheitliche Polymere abgeleiteten Funktionen auswertet.Es wird ein neues Auswerteverfahren zur Ermittlung der Langkettenverzweigung angegeben, das die unterschiedliche Durchspülbarkeit von linearen und verzweigten Molekülen berücksichtigt.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 174 (1973), S. 167-181 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Assuming that large molecules of amorphous polymers in the undiluted melt and also at polymer concentrations ϕ form entanglement networks with athermal conformations one can calculate the difference of entropies Sϕ - Sϕ = 1 of such networks, which arises from the concentration dependence of Mc, given by BUECHE; Mc is the molecular weight of a network chain. For S one may use the well known expressions for the entropy of networks formed by crosslinking. Introducing Sϕ - Sϕ = 1 into the usual expressions for the free energy of mixing, we get the experimentally found laws and constants of the concentration dependencies of osmotic pressure, light scattering intensity and diffusion velocity of large molecules at medium concentrations, which one could not explain up to now. Furthermore one recognizes, that the equilibrium swelling of crosslinked polymers yields the quotient of the number of entanglements to the number of crosslinks.
    Notes: Unter der Annahme, daß große Moleküle eines amorphen Polymeren in der unverdünnten Schmelze und ebenso bei der Polymerkonzentration ϕ Verhakungsnetzwerke mit athermischen Konformationen bilden, kann man eine Entropiedifferenz Sϕ - Sϕ = 1 berechnen, die daher rührt, daß das Molekulargewicht Mc der Netzbögen nach BUECHE von der Konzentration abhängt. Benutzt man dazu die bekannten Gleichungen für die Entropie von Hauptvalenznetzwerken und führt Sϕ - Sϕ = 1 in die bekannten Formeln für die freie Mischungsenthalpie ein, so erhält man die experimentell gefundenen und bisher nicht verstandenen Gesetze und Konstanten der Konzentrationsabhängigkeiten von osmotischem Druck, Lichtstreuintensität und Diffusionsgeschwindigkeit großer Moleküle bei mittleren Konzentrationen. Man erkennt ferner, daß die maximale Quellung vernetzter Polymerer den Quotienten der Anzahl an Verhakungen zu der Anzahl Vernetzungen liefert.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 2661-2682 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: After the precipìtation of polymer from a solution of concentration c the light scattering intensity R0 (in the direction of the primary beam) usually does not reach a constant value but is equal to kc2t, t being the time since precipitation. The constant k does not depend on molecular weight M (104〈M〈106) and is proportional to 1/η1, η1 being the viscosity of the dispersing medium. Various polymers with refractive index increments vi have nearly the same value of k/vi2. Furthermore long chain branching or intramolecular crosslinks do not influence this value. These results prove that the coagulation of polymers is controlled by diffusion (theory of coagulation by Smoluchowski).Coagulation and coalescence are retarded if the polymer molecules are able to associate or to crystallise. They stop at low particle weights if the particles are hard or if they carry about 10 electric elementary charges per particle.During turbidimetric titrations freshly precipitated molecules are quickly adsorbed by the existing particles, thus increasing mainly the number average particle weight. If this increase in turbidity is small compared to that resulting from the coagulation of particles, the increase of R0·V/V0 with log V is proportional to the square of the concentration of all the precipitated molecules during titrations of chemically equal molecules. (V is the volume of the titrated solution.) From titration curves one may thus derive the distributions of solubilities and molecular weights. Similar evaluations give the distribution of chemical compositions, if polymers with nearly equal molecular weights are titrated (GPC-eluates).
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The weight fraction and the molecular mass“Relative molecular mass” (systematic IUPAC name) is shortened to “molecular mass” throughout this paper. of polymeric material extracted from a polymer network, the time needed for the dissolution of the network during random degradation, and the molecular mass of the high molecular mass degradation products can be utilised for the determination of previously inaccessible structural details of the network, e.g. the value of the molecular mass of network chains, the chain end correction term, the functionality of the crosslinks, and the inhomogeneity of crosslinking, i.e. the amount, the diameter, and the crosslink concentration of anomalously and highly crosslinked regions.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1974), S. 613-639 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Emulsionpolymerisation of styrene with divinylbenzene gives spherical particles of nearly uniform diameter, with molecular weights M between 5.105 and 3.107, with various degrees of crosslinking density and with many endgroups. Light scattering, viscosimetry, gelpermeation, diffusion and rheological measurements show, that intramolecular crosslirrking has significant and partly unknown effects: particles of a definite swelling degree have second virial coefficients A2, which are nearly independent of M. This is contrary to the theory for unsolvated spheres. The FOX-FLORY-constant φ increases with intramolecular crosslinking to the value calculated for spheres, which is larger than that for coils of linear molecules. Gel permeation measures the diameter of the particles in a similar way as hydrodynamics but different from light scattering. At low concentrations the solutions of such gels behave viscosimetrically like dispersions of spheres. At higher concentrations the gel particles deswell and show a concentration dependence of viscosity between that of hard spheres and linear molecules. The viscosity of the solution and its shear dependence are smaller than that of linear molecules, the shear stress τw in the turning point of the curves log η vs. log τ being also much smaller. The osmotic pressure at high concentrations is a swelling pressure and depends on the degree of crosslinking.Intramolecular crosslinks reduce the melt viscosity, if the molecular weight of the chain segments between branching points is Me 〉 15000. At very high crosslinking densities the melt viscosity is increased. Modulus and density of glassy gel polymers are nearly normal, but the stress at breaking is decreased with increasing intramolecular crosslinking.Particles have higher swelling degrees and intrinsic viscosities as well as lower FOX-FLORY-constants, if they are polymerised in the presence of toluene.Gels cannot be separated quantitatively from linear molecules by sedimentation or by evaluating an abnormal angular dependence of scattered light. But one may calculate the amount of gel and its degree of crosslinking, if one knows the behaviour of linear molecules and measures Mw [η] and a third independent quantity, e.g. melt viscosity, non-NEWTONian behaviour or the concentration dependence of the viscosity of solutions.
    Notes: Durch Emulsionspolymerisation von Styrol mit Divinylbenzol werden kugelige Polystyrolteilchen ziemlich einheitlicher Größe mit Molekulargewichten von M = 5·105 bis 3·107, verschieden starker Vernetzung und vielen Endgruppen hergestellt. Die Charakterisierung mittels Lichtstreuung, Viskosimetrie, Gelpermeation, Diffusion und Rheologie zeigt erhebliche und z. T. nicht bekannte Wirkungen der innermolekularen Vernetzung: Für Teilchen bestimmten Quellungsgrades ist das Produkt aus dem zweiten Virialkoeffizienten und M, A2·M, im Gegensatz zu der für ungequollene Kugeln entwickelten Theorie proportional M. Die Durchspülungskonstante φ steigt mit wachsender innermolekularer Vernetzung auf den für Kugeln berechneten Wert, der größer ist als der von Knäueln linearer Moleküle. Die Gelchromatographie tastet die Größe von Molekülen ähnlich ab wie die Hydrodynamik, nicht aber so wie die Lichtstreuung. Bei niedrigen Konzentrationen verhalten sich Gellösungen viskosimetrisch wie Kugelsuspensionen, bei höheren Konzentrationen wegen einer Entquellung der Teilchen jedoch mehr wie Lösungen von Fadenmolekülen. Die Viskosität, die Strukturviskosität und die Schubspannung τw im Wendepunkt der log η gegen log τ-Kurven sind aber wesentlich kleiner als bei linearen Molekülen. Der osmotische Druck konzentrierter Lösungen ist ein Quellungsdruck und hängt von der Vernetzungsdichte der Gelteilchen ab.Die Schmelzviskosität wird durch innermolekulare Vernetzung zunächst stark reduziert, bei Molekulargewichten der Kettenstücke zwischen den Verzweigungsstellen Mc 〈 15 000 aber erhöht. Modul und Dichte der Gläser solcher Gele sind nahezu normal, die Bruchfestigkeit nimmt mit wachsender innermolekularer Vernetzung ab.In Gegenwart von Toluol polymerisierte Gele haben höhere Quellungsgrade und damit höhere Viskositätszahlen sowie kleinere Durchspülungskonstanten als lösungsmittelfrei polymerisierte Gele.Gele lassen sich nicht oder nicht vollständig durch Sedimentation abtrennen oder aus der Winkelabhängigkeit der Lichtstreuung ermitteln. Mißt man aber an Gemischen der Gele mit linearen Molekülen außer Molekulargewicht und Viskositätszahl eine weitere unabhängige Größe, z. B. die Schmelzviskosität, die Strukturviskosität oder die Konzentrationsabhängigkeit der Viskosität, so kann man die Menge und die charakteristischen Merkmale des Gels bestimmen, wenn die Eigenschaften des linearen Polymeren bekannt sind.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Experiments on networks crosslinked by peroxides show that the amount of extracted molecules as well as the time needed for a dissolution of a network during random degradation and the molecular mass“Relative molecular mass” (systematic IUPAC name) is shortened to “molecular mass” throughout this paper. of high molecular mass degradation products may be used to determine previously inaccessible structural details, such as molecular mass of the network chains, weight fraction of chains with one free end, functionality of the crosslinks, and inhomogeneity of crosslinking, i.e. the amount, the diameter, and the concentration of crosslinking units of anomalously and strongly crosslinked regions. In crosslinking of polydienes, chain splitting is negligible, but the functionalities of the crosslinks are abnormally high for low peroxide concentrations, because the peroxide radicals may connect more than two chains by polymerization. A relatively high spatial inhomogeneity of the concentration of crosslinking units occurs with polybutadienes, presumably because the radicals of this polymer have especially long life-times so that they can polymerize sequences of polyfunctional crosslinks via kinetic chains with transfer reactions. In crosslinking of polyisoprene the apparent efficiency of this peroxide is about 1,0 if one takes into account not only the number of crosslinks, but also that of loops, and if one neglects transfer. The efficiency of this peroxide is ≫ 1 in the crosslinking of polybutadiene, because of pronounced transfer reactions.
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