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Sugar and Amino Acid Content of Poa pratensis Infected with Ustilago striiformis and Urocystis agropyri (1977)

HODGES, CLINTON F. ; ROBINSON, PHILIP W.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Physiologia plantarum 41 (1977), S. 0

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ISSN: 1399-3054

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: Leaf and root tissues of Poa pratensis L. showing distinct morphological changes associated with infection by Ustilago striiformis (West.) Niessl var. poae (stripe smut) or Urocystis agropyri (Pruess) Schroet. (flag smut) were analyzed for total soluble sugars and free amino acids. Decreases in the quantity of soluble sugars in stripe-smutted plants were not significant, indicating that the presence of U. striiformis sori in leaf tissue does not interfere with photosynthesis of the host. Severe decreases in the quantity of soluble sugars in flag-smutted plants suggest that U. agropyri either directly impairs photosynthesis or effectively metabolizes the photosynthate. Both pathogens caused significant decreases in total free amino acids in leaf and root tissues. The negligible decrease in soluble sugars in stripe-smutted plants was associated with a disproportionate decrease in free amino acids, suggesting that the pathogen either metabolizes amino acids or inhibits their synthesis. The severe decrease in amino acids in leaves and roots of U. agropyri-infected plants is believed due to carbohydrate starvation. It is probable that morphological changes in U. agropyri-infected plants, including reduced branching, dwarfed leaves and root systems, and the inability to produce inflorescences, are probably the direct result of severely reduced levels of sugars and amino acids. The reduced branching, somewhat smaller root systems, and inhibition of inflorescence production on plants infected by U. striiformis probably are associated to some extent with decreases in amino acids. The upright elongated leaves of U. striiformis-infected plants, however, cannot be attributed to the decrease in amino acid content and are suggestive of hyperauxiny.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1977.tb01516.x

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Nutrient salts and the toxicity of black-layer induced by cyanobacteria and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans to Agrostis palustris (1997)

Hodges, Clinton F. ; Campbell, Douglas a.

Springer

Plant and soil 195 (1997), S. 53-60

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: algae ; bacteria ; biofilm ; black-layer ; black plug ; calcium carbonate ; chelated iron ; creeping bentgrass ; cyanobacteria ; fructose ; golf greens ; Nostoc ; Oscillatoria ; Phormidium ; root growth ; sulfate reduction ; sulfur

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Cyanobacteria and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans can interact to form a subsurface black-layer in high-sand content golf greens that impairs internal water drainage and results in the decline of the Agrostis palustris turfgrass on the green. Research was initiated to evaluate the effect of mineral salts (sulfur, iron, lime) and fructose (a soluble carbohydrate) added to a balanced nutrient salts control solution on the development and toxicity of black-layer to the growth of A. palustris. The various nutrient salts combinations were applied to single isolates of cyanobacteria and D. desulfuricans in nonblack-layered sand, and to the combination of cyanobacteria and D. desulfuricans (necessary for black-layer development) in black- layered sand. Dry weights of A. palustris treated with the salts control decreased with individual isolates of cyanobacteria and more so in the blackened sand produced by the combinations of cyanobacteria and D. desulfuricans. The addition of sulfur to the salts control increased dry weights of A. palustris growing with single isolates of cyanobacteria and in the sand blackened by the combinations of cyanobacteria and D. desulfuricans compared with the salts control; dry weight decreased in response sulfur only in nonblackened sand with D. desulfuricans alone. The addition of iron to the salts control produced the greatest increase in dry weight relative to the salts control among all single and combined microorganisms, except for D. desulfuricans. The addition of lime or fructose to the salts control decreased dry weight among plants growing in the no-organism control, with D. desulfovibrio alone, and with individual isolates of cyanobacteria relative to the salts control. Dry weights in response to lime and fructose in sand blackened by the combination of cyanobacteria and D. desulfuricans remained unchanged or decreased relative to the salts control. Growing roots of A. palustris cleared the blackening in sand and showed gold-colored cortical cells with blackened cell walls and vascular cylinders. The observations are discussed relative to the role of the various salts on the toxicity of D. desulfuricans to A. palustris in black-layered and nonblack-layer sand.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004283326204

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Gaseous hydrocarbons associated with black layer induced by the interaction of cyanobacteria and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans† (1998)

Hodges, Clinton F. ; Campbell, Douglas A.

Springer

Plant and soil 205 (1998), S. 77-83

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: acetylene ; ethane ; ethylene ; methane ; Nostoc ; Oscillatoria ; propane ; propylene

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Black layer is a condition of high-sand-content golf greens that results in a subsurface blackened layer in the sand produced by sulfate-reducing bacteria. Black layer can be the product of an interaction of cyanobacteria and sulfate-reducing bacteria and may or may not be toxic to the grass growing on the sand. The organic byproducts of the cyanobacteria coat and plug the sand thereby creating an anoxic environment for development of the sulfate- reducing bacteria. The present study was initiated to determine the range of gaseous hydrocarbons evolved from black layered sand produced by the interaction of two genera of cyanobacteria, Nostoc and Oscillatoria, and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans. The gaseous hydrocarbons measured included methane, ethane, ethylene, and propylene. In nonblackened sand, Nostoc evolved the highest levels of these gases, Oscillatoria evolved relatively low levels except for propylene, and D. desulfuricans evolved the smallest quantities of the gases. When the cyanobacteria and D. desulfuricans were combined to develop black layered sand some changes occurred in the evolution of the gases. Evolution of the gases from Nostoc + D. desulfuricans decreased or remained the same relative to Nostoc alone, and increased relative to D. desulfuricans alone. Except for propylene evolution, gases from Oscillatoria + D. desulfuricans increased relative to Oscillatoria or D. desulfuricans alone. Propylene evolution from Oscillatoria + D. desulfuricans remained unchanged relative to Oscillatoria alone, but increased relative to D. desulfuricans alone. The gases measured are discussed relative to the organisms observed and the conditions of the study.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004361407061

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4

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Growth of Agrostis palustris in subsurface black-layered sand induced by cyanobacteria and sulfate-reducing bacteria (1992)

Hodges, Clinton F.

Springer

Plant and soil 142 (1992), S. 91-96

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: creeping bentgrass ; Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ; Nostoc ; Oscillatoria ; shoot growth ; root growth

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract The growth of Agrostis palustris was evaluated in sand columns in response to black-layer formed by the interaction of cyanobacteria in the genera Oscillatoria (isolates OS-1 and OS-2) and Nostoc (NS-1) with the sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio desulfuricans. All plants of A. palustris transplanted into black-layered sand columns survived, and the black-layer cleared adjacent to roots as they grew down in the column. Black-layer remained in the columns below the advancing root tips. After 10 weeks of growth, numerous roots showed discontinuous reddish-brown discoloration on their surfaces. Shoot growth of A. palustris was reduced in response to all cyanobacteria and D. desulfuricans isolates alone or in combination. Root growth was unaffected by the microorganisms with the exception of stimulation by OS-1 and inhibition by D. desulfuricans. Interaction of the microbes and the formation of black-layer is discussed relative to the growth of A. palustris.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010178

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5

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Vegetative growth and sporulation ofBipolaris sorokiniana on sequentially older infected leaves ofPoa pratensis exposed to postemergence herbicides (1994)

Hodges, Clinton F.

Springer

Mycopathologia 128 (1994), S. 105-109

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ISSN: 1573-0832

Keywords: Cochliobolus sativus ; Dicamba ; Helminthosporium ; Leaf senescence ; MCPP ; mecoprop ; 2,4-D

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Medicine

Notes: Abstract Poa pratensis was exposed to the postemergence herbicides 2,4-D, MCPP, and dicamba at concentrations of 10−6 M applied to the soil surface. Sequentially older leaf blades were inoculated withBipolaris sorokiniana and detached to determine the effect of the herbicides on saprophytic hyphal growth and sporulation on the tissue of each older leaf. 2,4-D and dicamba stimulated hyphal growth in vitro from leaf tissue of all ages; MCPP had no effect on hyphal growth. All herbicides increased sporulation byB. sorokiniana on leaf tissue of all ages. Both hyphal growth and sporulation increased progressively on tissue from sequentially older leaves ofP. pratensis exposed to dicamba.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01103017

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6

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Comparative total and proportional rate of germination of Bipolaris sorokiniana and Curvularia geniculata conidia is influenced by culture age and temperature (1975)

Hodges, Clinton F.

Springer

Mycopathologia 57 (1975), S. 9-14

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ISSN: 1573-0832

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Medicine

Notes: Abstract Comparative observations of Bipolaris sorokiniana and Curvularia geniculata conidia germination as influenced by culture age and temperature showed some distinct differences, but generally established the ability of these organisms to function under similar conditions. Total germination of B. sorokiniana conidia was favored by increasing culture age from 20 to 60 days and temperature to 25°C; total conidia germination of C. geniculata was favored by increasing temperature to 25°C, but increasing culture age decreased germination. These reactions seem associated with conidia age. Maximum proportional intra-population germination of conidia of each organism also varied with culture age and temperature. At temperatures of 5°C and 15°C, amplitude of maximum proportional germination of both organisms increased as culture age was increased from 20 to 40 days and then decreased among 60-day-old cultures. At 25°C and above, amplitude of maximum proportional germination of conidia of both organisms decreased from each older culture. Progressively increasing temperature at a given culture age increased the amplitude of maximum proportional germination up to 25°C for conidia of B. sorokiniana, but generally decreased it for conidia of C. geniculata (except 20-day-old cultures). Frequency (specific 2 h interval) of maximum proportional intrapopulation germination of B. sorokiniana shifted from 6 h to 2 h in response to increasing temperature and culture age; conidia from youngest cultures of C. geniculata shifted to intervals of 4 h and 2 h in response to increasing temperature to 25°C, but among conidia from 60-day-old cultures, frequency shifted to 6 h intervals at all temperatures. Above 25°C, maximum proportional germination of C. geniculata conidia from cultures of all ages occurred at 6 h. It was concluded that the germination response of B. sorokiniana and C. geniculata conidia to temperature and culture age (and, subsequently, conidia age) are enough similar that these organisms could function in a potential ‘disease complex’ on Poa pratensis and Agrostis palustris.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431170

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Endogenous Ethane and Ethylene Of Poa pratensis Leaf Blades and Leaf Chlorosis in Response to Biologically Active Products of Bipolaris sorokiniana (1999)

Hodges, Clinton F. ; Campbell, Douglas A.

Springer

European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 825-829

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ISSN: 1573-8469

Keywords: Drechslera ; Helminthosporium sativum ; Kentucky bluegrass ; pathogenesis ; phytotoxin

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Infection of Poa pratensis leaf blades and callus tissue by Bipolaris sorokiniana increases the production of ethylene and ethane. The ethylene is responsible for most of the chlorosis that occurs during pathogenesis. The nonselective toxin(s) produced by B. sorokiniana is known to disrupt membranes and to damage chlorophyll, but it is not known whether it can induce an increase in ethylene or ethane. Research was initiated to determine the effect of a biologically-active extract of B. sorokiniana on the endogenous ethylene and ethane of intact P. pratensis leaf blades and on subsequent development of chlorosis. The extract did not increase endogenous ethylene of treated leaves, but it was associated with an increase in endogenous ethane between 24 and 96 h after treatment. Chlorophyll loss occurred 96 h after treatment and persisted for the duration of the study (168 h). The chlorophyll content of treated leaf blades ranged from 72% to 80% of control leaf blades. The observations suggest that the extract of B. sorokiniana can induce chlorophyll loss from treated leaf blades independent of an increase in endogenous ethylene by directly damaging chloroplasts with a concurrent release of ethane. The ethane is believed to be a by-product of pathogenesis.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008750902655

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