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  • 1
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    Venus thermosphere and exosphere - First satellite drag measurements of an extraterrestrial atmosphere (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Atmospheric drag measurements obtained from the study of the orbital decay of Pioneer Venus I indicate that atomic oxygen predominates in the Venus atmosphere above 160 kilometers. Drag measurements give evidence that conditions characteristic of a planetary thermosphere disappear near sundown, with inferred exospheric temperatures sharply dropping from approximately 300 K to less than 150 K. Observed densities are generally lower than given by theoretical models.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 203; Feb. 23
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  • 2
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    The Shuttle Upper Atmosphere Mass Spectrometer experiment (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Previously cited in issue 19, p. 3000, Accession no. A82-39110
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT INSTRUMENTATION
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4560); 21; 202-208
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  • 3
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    Shuttle high resolution accelerometer package experiment results - Atmospheric density measurements between 60 and 160 km (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4650); 26; 173-180
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  • 4
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    Determination of shuttle orbiter center of gravity from flight measurements (1991)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Flight measurements of pitch, yaw, and roll rates and the resultant rotationally induced linear accelerations during three orbital maneuvers on Shuttle mission space transportation system (STS) 61-C were used to calculate the actual orbiter center-of-gravity location. The calculation technique reduces error due to lack of absolute calibration of the accelerometer measurements and compensates for accelerometer temperature bias and for the effects of gravity gradient. Accuracy of the technique was found to be limited by the nonrandom and asymmetrical distribution of orbiter structural vibration at the accelerometer mounting location. Fourier analysis of the vibration was performed to obtain the power spectral density profiles which show magnitudes in excess of 10(exp 4) ug (sup 2)/Hz for the actual vibration and over 500 ug (sup 2)/Hz for the filtered accelerometer measurements. The data from this analysis provide a characterization of the Shuttle acceleration environment which may be useful in future studies related to accelerometer system application and zero-g investigations or processes.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA-TM-102627 , NAS 1.15:102627
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  • 5
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    Shuttle high resolution accelerometer package experiment results - Atmospheric density measurements between 60-160 km (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Indirect or inferred values of atmospheric density encountered by the Shuttle Orbiter during reentry have been calculated from acceleration measurements made by the High Resolution Accelerometer Package (HiRAP) and the Orbiter Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) liner accelerometers. The atmospheric density data developed from this study represent a significant gain with respect to the body of data collected to date by various techniques in the altitude range of 60 to 160 km. The data are unique in that they cover a very wide horizontal range during each flight and provide insight into the actual density variations encountered along the reentry flight path. The data, which were collected over about 3 years, are also characterized by variations in solar activity, geomagnetic index, and local solar time. Comparison of the flight-derived densities with various atmospheric models have been made, and analyses have attempted to characterize the data and to show correlation with selected physical variables.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: AIAA PAPER 88-0492
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  • 6
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    Short-term cyclic variations and diurnal variations of the Venus upper atmosphere (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The vertical structure of the nighttime thermosphere and exosphere of Venus was discussed. A comparison of the day and nighttime profiles indicates, contrary to the model of Dickinson and Riley (1977), that densities (principally atomic oxygen) dropped sharply from day to night. It was suggested either that the lower estimates were related to cooler exospheric temperatures at night or that the atomic bulge was flatter than expected at lower altitudes. Large periodic oscillations, in both density and inferred exospheric temperatures, were detected with periods of 5 to 6 days. The possibility that cyclic variations in the thermosphere and stratosphere were caused by planetary-scale waves, propagated upward from the lower atmosphere, was investigated using simultaneous temperature measurements obtained by the Venus radiometric temperature experiment (VORTEX). Inferred exospheric temperatures in the morning were found to be lower than in the evening as if the atmosphere rotated in the direction of the planet's rotation, similar to that of earth. Superrotation of the thermosphere and exosphere was discussed as a possible extension of the 4-day cyclic atmospheric rotation near the cloud tops.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 205; July 6
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  • 7
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    Hypersonic rarefied-flow aerodynamics inferred from Shuttle Orbiter acceleration measurements (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Data obtained from multiple flights of sensitive accelerometers on the Space Shuttle Orbiter during reentry have been used to develop an improved aerodynamic model for the Orbiter normal- and axial-force coefficients in hypersonic rarefied flow. The lack of simultaneous atmospheric density measurements was overcome in part by using the ratio of normal-to-axial acceleration, in which density cancels, as a constraint. Differences between the preflight model and the flight-acceleration-derived model in the continuum regime are attributed primarily to real gas effects. New insights are gained into the variation of the force coefficients in the transition between the continuum regime and free molecule flow.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: International Conference on Hypersonic Aerodynamics; Sept. 4-6, 1989; Manchester
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  • 8
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    SUMS preliminary design and data analysis development (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The preliminary analysis and data analysis system development for the shuttle upper atmosphere mass spectrometer (SUMS) experiment are discussed. The SUMS experiment is designed to provide free stream atmospheric density, pressure, temperature, and mean molecular weight for the high altitude, high Mach number region.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA-CR-165696 , R-SAL-03/81-02
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  • 9
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    Rarefied-flow pitching moment coefficient measurements of the Shuttle Orbiter (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: An overview of the process for obtaining the Shuttle Orbiter rarefied-flow pitching moment from flight gyro data is presented. The extraction technique involves differentiation of the output of the pitch gyro after accounting for nonaerodynamic torques, such as those produced by gravity gradient and the Orbiter's auxiliary power unit and adjusting for drift biases. The overview of the extraction technique includes examples of results from each of the steps involved in the process, using the STS-32 mission as a typical sample case. The total pitching moment and moment coefficient (Cm) for that flight are calculated and compared with preflight predictions. The flight results show the anticipated decrease in Cm with increasing altitude. However, the total moment coefficient is less than predicted using preflight estimates.
    Keywords: LAUNCH VEHICLES AND SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: ICAS Congress; Aug 28, 1988; Jerusalem; Israel
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  • 10
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    A Shuttle Upper Atmosphere Mass Spectrometer /SUMS/ experiment (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A magnetic mass spectrometer is currently being adapted to the Space Shuttle Orbiter to provide repeated high altitude atmosphere data to support in situ rarefied flow aerodynamics research, i.e., in the high velocity, low density flight regime. The experiment, called Shuttle Upper Atmosphere Mass Spectrometer (SUMS), is the first attempt to design mass spectrometer equipment for flight vehicle aerodynamic data extraction. The SUMS experiment will provide total freestream atmospheric quantitites, principally total mass density, above altitudes at which conventional pressure measurements are valid. Experiment concepts, the expected flight profile, tradeoffs in the design of the total system and flight data reduction plans are discussed. Development plans are based upon a SUMS first flight after the Orbiter initial development flights.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT INSTRUMENTATION
    Type: AIAA PAPER 82-1334 , Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conference; Aug 09, 1982 - Aug 11, 1982; San Diego, CA
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