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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Parasitology research 36 (1971), S. 242-250 
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein Versuch an 26 genetisch nicht einheitlichen Läuferschweinen, eine Immunität gegen E. scabra durch Lymphozyten aus den regionären Lymphknoten zu übertragen, mißlang. Dagegen konnte in 3 Versuchsreihen mit 160 isohistokompatiblen E3/Han (F 38) Ratten eine Immunität gegen E. nieschulzi adoptiv übertragen werden. Durch intraperitoneale Injektion der Lymphozyten aus den Mesenteriallymphknoten, nicht jedoch der Zellen aus den Peyerschen Platten, gelang es, in allen 3 Reihen die Oozystenausscheidung nach einer Testinfektion hochsignifikant (p〈0,01) zu reduzieren.
    Notes: Summary An attempt to transfer immunity to a pure strain of E. scabra by transferring lymphocytes from regional lymphnodes from immune to non-immune randomly bred weaner pigs gave negative results. In three additional experiments we used 160 highly inbred E3/Han (F 38) rats, which would accept skin transplants from each other. We eventually succeeded in adoptively transferring immunity to a pure strain of E. nieschulzi by intraperitoneal injection of lymphocytes. Lymphocytes, both from immune and non-immune animals, were transferred, separately, both from mesenteric lymphnodes and from Peyer's patches. The lymphocytes obtained from five or six donors were added together and injected into one recipient. One, two, or three days after lymphocyte transfer the recipients were given a dose of 1 000 or 10 000 sporulated oocysts. A highly significant reduction in oocyst output was obtained — on an average from 82, 56, and 172 to 23, 26, and 69 million — but only by transferring lymphocytes from the mesenteric lymph nodes of immune animals. Lymphocytes from the Peyer's patches were not able to transfer immunity. These experiments definitely showed a lymphocyte-mediated cellular basis of immunity to coccidia, but our findings do not exclude the existence of some additional immune mechanisms.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Parasitology research 58 (1979), S. 97-113 
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Menschliche Zellkulturen (Hautfibroblasten, Darmzellen) wurden mit Merozoiten aus Cysten vonSarcocystis suihominis vom Schwein inkubiert und im Abstand von zwei Stunden bis zum 5. Tage p.i. untersucht. Es zeigte sich, daß sich in diesen Zellen die Gamogonie vollzog und anschließend auch Oocysten gebildet wurden. Diese Entwicklung verlief sehr schnell und benötigte etwa 18–22 h. Etwa 12 h nach der Inkubation waren Mikro-und Makrogamonten deutlich zu unterscheiden, die stets in einer parasitophoren Vakuole lagen. Im Zeitraum von 14–18 h nach der Inkubation fand die Bildung der Mikrogameten statt. Dabei teilte sich der große Kern des Mikrogamonten gleichzeitig in etwa 20–30 sehr elektronendichte Bereiche auf, die unmittelbar als Kern in einen Mikrogameten übernommen wurden. Die an der Oberfläche des Mikrogamonten entstehenden Mikrogameten waren länglich, erreichten 4–5 μm Länge und einige wiesen eindeutig drei Geißeln auf, von denen eine allerdings teilweise als Schleppgeißel ausgebildet war und oft nicht komplett erschien. Neben diesen Geißeln konnten auch noch einzelne zusätzliche Mikrotubuli in Erscheinung treten. Die Makrogameten maßen etwa 10 μm im Durchmesser, waren von zwei Membranen begrenzt und enthielten Einschlüsse, die den Hüllbildungskörpern 1 und 2 der Eimerien sehr ähnelten. Etwa ab 18 h p.i. waren Oocysten in den parasitophoren Vakuolen der Wirtszellen anzutreffen. Die Oocystenwand bestand aus einer elektronendichten Schicht und vier unterlagerten Membranen, während das Cytoplasma der Zygote unmittelbar von zwei weiteren Membranen begrenzt wurde. Die Sporulation, d.h. die Bildung der Sporocysten, setzte schon nach etwa 22 h p.i. ein. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit beweisen, daß die Gamogonie auch in Zellkulturen vom spezifischen Endwirt abläuft. Auf diese Weise kann völlig sauber mit einer einzigen Art gearbeitet werden, ohne Kontaminationen des Endwirtdarms in Rechnung stellen zu müssen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten weiterhin, daß in den Zellen des Endwirts tatsächlich direkt die Gamogonie von den Parasiten vollzogen wird und nicht erst ungeschlechtliche Vermehrungen. Die Sarkosporidien haben somit eindeutig den von uns aufgezeigtenobligatorischen Generationswechsel.
    Notes: Summary Sexual stages and oocysts ofSarcocystis suihominis were developed in human tissue cultures and studied with the electron microscope. This development was extremely rapid, being completed about 18–22 h post infection and there were no preceding schizogonic processes, thus confirming the earlier observations that schizogony is obligatorily restricted to the intermediate host in the sarcosporidian life cycle. Micro- and macrogamonts could be distinguished about 12 h post infection and were situated in a parasitophorous vacuole bounded by two membranes. These gamonts reached diameters of up to 10 μm. The large nucleus of every microgamont gave rise simultaneously to about 20–30 microgametes. Only dense projections of the nucleus were used as nuclei of microgametes. The microgametes were slender, about 4–5 μm long, and several were found to have three flagella, one of which was attached to the body for some distance. Besides these flagella additional microtubules were found and in several cases the attached flagellum was not complete and contained various numbers of single or paired microtubules. The macrogametes were bounded by two membranes and contained two types of inclusions similar to the wall-forming bodies known from the genusEimeria. The oocysts were bounded by a wall consisting of a dense outer layer and four membranes, under which two other membranes covered the cytoplasm. Beginning from the 22nd h post infection a development similar to sporulation was noted inside these oocysts. This sporulation, i.e., the formation of two sporocysts inside an oocyst, was, however, not completed, probably due to the rapid degeneration of the parasitized host cell. The oocyst itself even appeared intact five days later.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In mehreren Versuchen wurden Lämmer mit je 100 000 Sporocysten infiziert, die zuvor von Hunden nach Verzehr von Sarcocystis-haltiger Schafsmuskulatur ausgeschieden worden waren. Am 41., 63. bzw. 81. Tag p.i. wurden dann die Tiere getötet und die Cysten in der Muskulatur des Herzens, des Zwerchfells, des Skeletts und des Ösophagus licht- wie auch elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Es konnte festgestellt werden, daß bis zum 81. Tag p.i. mikroskopisch kleine Cysten bis zur Übertragungsreife heranwuchsen, sich aber nur für den Hund als infektiös erwiesen. Die Feinstruktur dieser kleinen Cysten unterschied sich von den makroskopisch sichtbaren Cysten, die aber nur für die Katze infektiös waren. Somit erscheint durch diese Rückübertragungsversuche weiter bestätigt, daß sich hinter S. tenella Railliet, 1886 zwei verschiedene Sarcocystis-Arten verbergen, die auch schon als S. ovicanis (Endwirt: Hund) und S. ovifelis (Endwirt: Katze) Heydorn et al. (1975) neu beschrieben wurden. Im einzelnen konnte festgestellt werden: 1. Die Cysten entstehen intrazellulär und entwickeln sich aus einer parasitophoren Vakuole, deren Begrenzungsmembran an vielen Stellen durch unterlegtes Material verstärkt wird. Dieser Komplex wird dann als Primärhülle bezeichnet. 2. Die gesamte Cystenentwicklung findet in der parasitierten Muskelzelle statt, die stets als solche zu erkennen bleibt. Eine Abkapselung dieser Wirtszelle durch fibrilläres Material unterbleibt, es wird somit keine Sekundärhülle ausgebildet. 3. Während des Cystenwachstums kommt es zu einer Oberflächenvergrößerung durch eine regelmäßige Auffaltung der Primärhülle. Auf diese Weise entstehen aufrecht stehende. lisadenartige Vorwölbungen, die maximal etwa 3,5 μ lang werden können. Da diese Strukturen stets etwa gleich lang sind, erscheinen sie im LM als eine „dicke Wand“ mit radialer Streifung. Diese Vorwölbungen enthalten niemals fibrilläre oder tubuläre Elemente. 4. Zu Beginn der Cystenentwicklung befinden sich ausschließlich locker angeordnete Metrocyten in den Cysten, aus denen bis zum 81. Tag p.i. zahlreiche der 14–17 μ langen, infektiösen Merozoiten entstehen. 5. Die Feinstruktur der Cystenstadien — Metrocyten und Merozoiten — unterschied sich nicht signifikant bei den kleinen und den makroskopisch sichtbaren Cysten der zweiten Art. 6. Die Entwicklung der hier untersuchten kleinen Cysten benötigte knapp drei Monate bis zur Übertragungsreife. Insgesamt erwies sich diese Art als sehr pathogen.
    Notes: Summary Four conventionally reared lambs, isolated at the age of 5 and 8 weeks, were orally infected with oocysts and sporocysts from dogs, which had been fed raw muscles from sheep containing small cysts of S. tenella. Three lambs, each infected with 100 000 sporocysts, were killed at days 41, 63 and 81 p.i. The other lamb was used for a non-infected control. The development of Sarcocystis-cysts in muscle cells of the infected lambs was studied by light and electron microscopy. The cyst was always situated within a muscle fiber which was never surrounded by fibrillar layers (=no secondary cyst wall). The cyst was limited by a unit membrane, which was thickened at numerous places of the interior by osmiophilic material. This complex is called primary cyst wall (= Primärhülle), reaching a thickness of up to 25 nm. In old cysts this primary wall was regulary folded, forming palisade-like protrusions of about 3.5 μ in length. In light microscopy the combined protrusions had the appearance of a radially striated „thick wall“, because of their close proximity to each other. During formation of the palisade-like protrusions the thin areas of the primary wall were restricted to the base of the protrusions and to the small space between the protrusions. Here, the single unit membrane formed vesicle-like invaginations of about 40 nm in diameter into the interior of the cyst. Vesicles seen in the cysts were thought to derive from these invaginations. Within the palisade-like protrusions never fibrillar or tubular elements appeared. In comparing the fine structure of the cyst wall of the small cysts, studied here, with the macroscopically visible cysts we found significant differences. These differences in the morphology confirm the results of transmission experiments, by which it was shown that S. tenella as described in literature is part of at least two coccidian life cycles. So the term S. tenella was replaced by two new species: S. ovicanis (final host: dog) and S. ovifelis (final host: cat) Heydorn et al. (1975).
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Parasitology research 78 (1992), S. 398-403 
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Surface labeling ofSarcocystis muris andS. suicanis sporozoites withN-hydroxysuccinimide biotin led to the detection of major membrane proteins with relative molecular weights of 29 and 30 kDa, respectively. Immunoblots ofSarcocystis sporozoite proteins probed with sera from infected hosts or with polyclonal monospecific antibodies generated against membrane antigens of cyst merozoites (noncorresponding stages) showed cross-reactivity between the two developmental stages (cyst merozoites and sporozoites) as well as between the speciesS. muris andS. suicanis. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis resulted in the identification of isoforms of the sporozoite membrane antigens, with isoelectric points ranging from pH 4.7 to pH 6.4 forS. muris and from pH 4.7 to pH 5.2 forS. suicanis. The molecular masses, the charge heterogeneity, and the immunological reactivity of the surface proteins ofSarcocystis sporozoites were similar to those of cyst merozoites of both species.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Parasitology research 66 (1981), S. 231-234 
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In verschiedenen aufeinanderfolgenden Experimenten wurden Hunde und Waschbären mit Muskulatur verschiedener Zwischenwirte gefüttert, die natürlich oder experimentell mit vom Hund übertragenen Sarkosporidienarten infiziert waren. Die verabreichte Muskulatur enthielt Zysten von:S. spec. des Esels,S. bovicanis des Rindes,S. ovicanis undS. spec. des Schafes,S. suicanis des Schweines oder vonS. capracanis undS. spec. der Ziege. Während die Fleischfütterung bei allen Hunden nach Ablauf der für die jeweiligeSarcocystis-Art charakteristischen Präpatenz zur Sporozystenausscheidung führte, konnten im Kot der beiden Waschbären nur nach AufnahmeS. suicanis-haltiger Muskulatur vom Schwein vom 10. Tag an Sporozysten nachgewiesen werden. Sowohl die Präpatenz vonS. suicanis als auch die Größe der mit dem Kot ausgeschiedenen Sporozysten war bei Hunden und Waschbären völlig gleich. Die aus dem Kot eines Waschbären isolierten Sporozysten waren fürs Schwein infektiös. Der Waschbär ist somit ein weiterer Endwirt fürS. suicanis, dem möglicherweise eine Bedeutung für die Verbreitung der Parasitose beim Schwarzwild zukommt.
    Notes: Abstract Dogs and raccoons were fed muscle of various intermediate hosts that had been infected either naturally or artificially withSarcocystis species transmitted from dogs. The muscle samples used for the experiments contained cysts of the following species:S. sp. of the donkey,S. bovicanis of cattle,S. ovicanis andS. sp. of sheep,S. suicanis of pigs, orS. capracanis andS. sp. of goats. In all trials, the dogs shed sporocysts of theSarcocystis species concerned after a typical prepatency. In the faeces of the raccoons sporocysts were only found after they were fed on porcine muscle containingS. suicanis. The prepatency in raccoons was 9 days. Both the prepatent period ofS. suicanis and the size of the excreted sporocysts were identical in dogs and raccoons. Sporocysts isolated from raccoon faeces were infective for pigs. Thus the raccoon was established as an additional final host ofS. suicanis, and may be of significance in the epidemiology of this parasite in the European wild boar.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Parasitology research 70 (1984), S. 709-713 
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The eyelids of goats in Kenya contained several, conspicuous white cysts which were up to 1·5 mm in size. By histological and electron microscopical studies it was confirmed that these cysts belong to the genusBesnoitia.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Parasitology research 71 (1985), S. 689-692 
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Sporocysts collected from the feces of a Palestinian viper (Vipera palaestinae) were administered orally to species of various rodent genera such as Mus, Microtus, Mastomys, Meriones and Oryctolagus. Infections developed only in laboratory mice (Mus musculus). This investigation established the life cycle of Sarcocystis muriviperae in the laboratory. S. muriviperae is described as a new species, based on light and electron microscopic observations and repeated transmission studies. Naturally and experimentally infected Palestinian vipers both excreted structurally identical sporocysts measuring 9.6 Μm (8.8–10.5 Μm) by 12.2 Μm (11.7–12.9 Μm). Sporulation inside the snakes' intestine is completed between 14 and 19 days post-inoculation (p.i.). Rosette-like schizogonic stages were found in the liver cells of laboratory mice 9–10 days after infection with sporulated sporocysts. Sarcocysts measured up to 1,000 Μm in length on day 36 p.i. and were mainly filled with metrocytes. The septated sarcocysts found 136 or 165 days p.i. reached a length of 5–8 mm and a width of 150–400 Μm. The primary sarcocyst wall formed cauliflower-like branched protrusions about 3.5 Μm in length.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sporocysts ofSarcocystis suihominis obtained from human feces were used to infect swine. Heart, tongue, and skeletal muscle from experimentally infected and noninfected control swine were fed via stomach tube to nonhuman primates including chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), and cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca irus). All primates fed infected swine tissues shed sporocysts beginning 13 to 15 days postinfection and were still shedding sporocysts at the conclusion of the experiment, 30 days postinfection. Rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys were fed infected swine tissues a second time and shed sporocysts. All primates remained in good health throughout both experiments and exhibited no unusual clinical signs as a result of infection.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Domestic cats, 11 other species of carnivorous mammals, 6 species of snakes, and whitebacked vultures were tested for their possible role as definitive hosts ofBenoitia besnoiti by feeding with cystic material from chronically infected bovines. None of the species tested is a definitive host; hence, the life cycle of this parasite remains obscure. In attempts to produce clinical cases of besnoitiosis by experimental infection, bovines were inoculated IV, SC, and IP with cystozoites or tachyzoites. Immunosuppression of the animals was essential for the development of severe cases and skin lesions; cystozoites proved to be more pathogenic than tachyzoites.
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