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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Radiation and environmental biophysics 5 (1969), S. 331-340 
    ISSN: 1432-2099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Summary Animal experiments were done in order toanswer the question for the variation with time of both the distribution of Th-232 and its daughters and the activity ratios between the radionuclides of the thorium decay chain immediately fter incorporation ofthorotrast. The results of these investigations indicate a continuous elimination of Ra-224 from ThO2-aggregates in the organs of the RES, liver, spleen, and red bonemarrow. According to the variation with time of the activity ratio between Ra-224 and Th-228, even from the first day after incorporation, about 35% of the Ra-224 atoms formed in the aggregates may leave the aggregates due to recoil at α-decay of Th-228 and will be eliminated from the organs of the RES. This means that at least at that time the process of aggregation of the ThO2-particles within the organs of the RES has to be finished. This portion of Ra-224 being eliminated from the RES is partly translocated into the marrow-free skeleton. The same is true for the portion of Ra-224 and R-228 in ionic form at the total activity of the suspension, that means, according to the range of the Ra-228 and Ra-224 recoil atoms within the ThO2-particles, for 80% to 90% of the total Ra-228 and Ra-224 activity of the suspension. From the variation with time of the specific Ra-228 activity of marrow-free bone it could be seen that Ra-228 and Ra-224 being fixed in the marrow-free skeleton in ionic form at the time of incorporation is eliminated from the skeleton according to a potential function. As consequence of a continuous translocation of Ra-224 to the skeleton due to decay of Th-228 within the organs of the RES the specific Ra-224 activity of marrow-free bone proved to be constant between 10 nd about 100 days fter incorporation ofthorotrast, considering decay of Ra-224 within the skeleton and its elimination from the skeleton. The experimental results were correlated to those of a theoretical model describing translocation of Ra-224 from the RES to the marrow-free skeleton and its excretion from the skeleton and the body.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Radiation and environmental biophysics 7 (1971), S. 152-156 
    ISSN: 1432-2099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Hypothese, daß in Thorotrastsuspensionen beim Zerfall der Radionuklide die Energieübertragung durch Rückstoß auf die Zerfallsprodukte ausreichend ist, um eine Ionenfraktion einzelner Radionuklide entstehen zu lassen, konnte experimentell bestätigt werden. Die für Ac-228 und Pb-212 beobachtete Abweichung von den theoretisch erwarteten Aktivitäten der Ionenfraktion in bezug auf die Gesamtaktivität der Radionuklide wird durch Anlagerung eines Teiles der in das Dispersionsmedium der Suspension ausgeschiedenen Atomkerne an die Oberfläche der ThO2-Teilchen erklärt.
    Notes: Summary A hypothesis of formation of activity fractions (ion fractions) outside the ThO2 particles in thorotrast was experimentally confirmed. The hypothesis states that the recoil energy transferred to the atomic nuclei at the moment of their creation inside the ThO2 particles is sufficient to shoot them out of the particles. The measured activities of the ion fractions of Ac-228 and Pb-212 were found to be different to the predicted ones. The discrepancies were explained by the effect of adsorption of nuclei of the ion fractions on the surface of the ThO2 particles.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine mathematische Methode beschrieben, die es gestattet, die Aktivität von. Ra-224 und Pb-212 exstirpierter thorotrasthaltiger Gewebeproben zum. Zeitpunkt der Exstirpation aus zwei gammastrahlenspektrometrischen Messungen der Gewebeproben zu berechnen. Die Gammastrahlenimpulshöhenspektren werden dabei zu Energiespektren entfaltet. Die Aktivitäten ergeben sich aus der Änderung der Quantenrate im 0.24 MeV-Energiebereich. Am Beispiel von Milzproben von Kaninchen, denen jeweils 2 cm3 Thorotrast injiziert worden waren, werden die mit der beschriebenen Methode berechneten Aktivitätsverhältnisse zwischen Th-228 und Ra-224 bzw. Pb-212 mit den aus der zeitlichen Änderung der Tl-208-Aktivitäten ermittelten verglichen. Darüberhinaus werden die Fehler beider Methoden der Berechnung der Aktivitätsverhältnisse einander gegenübergestellt.
    Notes: Summary A mathematical method is described which allows to determine the Ra-224 and Pb-212 activities of tissue samples containing thorotrast at the time of extirpation from results of gammaray-spectrometry by transformation of the measured pulse height spectra into energy spectra. The activities are calculated from the variation with time of the quantum rate within the 0.24 MeV energy interval. Results of calculations of the activity ratios between Th-228 and Ra-224 or Pb-212 by the method described are compared to those estimated by the variation with time of the Tl-208 activities of spleen samples from rabbits with a thorotrast body burden of 2 ml. Moreover the errors of the results of both methods are put together and compared to each other.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine mathematische Methode beschrieben, die es gestattet, aus der zeitlichen Änderung der Tl-208-Aktivität exstirpierter thorotrasthaltiger Gewebeproben die Ra-224- und Pb-212-Aktivität der Proben zum Zeitpunkt der Exstirpation, bzw. die Ak-tivitätsverhältnisse zwischen Th-228 und diesen beiden Thoriumfolgeprodukten zu berechnen. Die Änderung der Tl-208-Aktivität wird dabei aus mindestens drei gammastrahlenspektrometrischen Messungen einer jeden Probe innerhalb eines Zeitraums von etwa 30 Tagen nach Exstirpation bestimmt. Der Fehler der nach dieser Methode ermittelten Aktivitätsverhältnisse wurde am Beispiel der Messung der Tl-208-Aktivität der Milzproben von Kaninchen bestimmt, denen je 2 cm3 Thorotrast injiziert worden waren.
    Notes: Summary A mathematical method is described which allows to calculate the Ra-224 and Pb-212 activities of samples at the time of extirpation or the activity ratios between Th-228 and these both decay products by the variation with time of the Tl-208 activities of extirpated tissue samples containingthorotrast. The variation of the Tl-208 activity of each sample is determined by gammaray-spectrometry at least three times within a time interval of 30 days after extirpation. The error of the activity ratios estimated by this method was calculated by measurement of spleen samples from rabbits each with athorotrast body burden of 2 ml.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Radiation and environmental biophysics 7 (1970), S. 74-84 
    ISSN: 1432-2099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Berechnung des theoretischen Verlaufs der täglichen Gesamtausscheidung an Ra-228 und Ra-224 wurde ein Modell entwickelt, das aus denCompartments markfreies Skelett, Organe des RES und übriger Intra- und Extrazellularraum besteht. Mit Hilfe dieses Modells wurde die Kinetik der Verteilung und Ausscheidung von Ra-224 und Ra-228 beschrieben. Auf Ra-228 angewandt, mußten die folgenden, im Organismus ablaufenden Prozesse berücksichtigt werden: 1. Translokation von Ra-228 in das Skelett auf Grund der einmaligen Znfuhr von Ra-228 in lonenform mit der Suspension zum Zeitpunkt der Inkorporierung; 2. Elimination von Ra-228 aus dem Skelett in den übrigen Intra- und Extrazellularraum und Ausacheidung aus dem Organismus; 3. Direkte Ausscheidung des nicht in das Skelett translokalisierten Anteils an Ra-228 in lonenform aus der Suspension; 4. Ausscheidung von Ra-228 mit der Teilchenfraktion. Zur Beschreibung der Kinetik von Ra-224 mußten dariiber hinaus die folgenden Prozesse beriicksichtigt werden: 5. Dauerzufuhr von Ra-224 in den ubrigen Intra- und Extrazellularraum durch Zerfall von Th-228 in den Organen des RES unter Berücksichtigung der Agglomerierung der ThO2-Teilchen; 6. Kontinuierliche Translokation von Ra-224 in das markfreie Skelett; 7. Zerfall von Ra-224 im Skelett und dauernder Abfluß von Ra-224 aus dem Skelett verbunden mit der Ausscheidung aus dem Organismus; 8. Direkte Dauerausscheidung des nicht in das Skelett translokalisierten Anteils an Ra-224 in lonenform. Aus dem Vergleich der theoretisch mit Hilfe desCompartmentmodells bestimmten Ausscheidungskurven mit dem gemessenen Verlauf der täglichen Gesamtausscheidung an Ra-228 wurden der Wert für die Retention von Radium im Skelett znm Zeitpunkt ein Tag nach Inkorporierung und die Konstante für die Ausscheidung von Radium in lonenform aus dem Organismus ermittelt. Die Retention ergab sich zu 0,375 ± 0,075, die Konstante für die Ausscheidung von Radium aua dem Organismus zu 0,83 ± 0,23 d−1 entsprechend einer Halbwertszeit von 20±5 Std. Die experimentellen Untersuchungen wurden an Kaninchen durchgefiihrt, denen kolloidales ThO2 (TJiorotrast) injiziert worden war.
    Notes: Summary For reasons of dosimetry a compartment system was developed to study the kinetics of Ra-228 and Ra-224 in marrow-free skeleton, organs of the RES and in the remaining intra- and extracellular space. The concept was based on the following processes: translocation of Ra-228 in ionic form to the skeleton; elimination of Ra-228 from the skeleton to the intra- and extracellular space, and excretion of Ra-228 from the organism; direct excretion of that fraction of Ra-228 in ionic form, which was not translocated to the skeleton; excretion of Ra-228 with the particle fraction (colloidal fraction); continous formation of Ra-224 in the RES by decay of Th-228 and translocation of a constant fraction to the marrow-free skeleton; decay of that fraction, and of Ra-224 in the skeleton having been translocated to the skeleton in ionic form at the time of injection ofthorotrast into blood; continous elimination of Ra-224 from the skeleton to the intra- and extracellular space, and excretion from the body; continous excretion of that fraction of Ra-224 in ionic form, which was formed by decay of Th-228 in the RES, and which was not translocated to the skeleton; elimination of Ra-224 fixed to the particle fraction having been incorporated at the time of injection ofthorotrast into blood. Variation by computer analysis of parameters such as total skeletal retention and half-life of radium for its excretion from the body, revealed excretion curves, which agreed with those measured in animal experiments (rabbits).
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 3 (1974), S. 567-572 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Optical and centrifugal spectrometry for determining the particle size of aerosols is discussed.
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1974-12-01
    Print ISSN: 0049-6979
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-2932
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Springer
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1994-12-01
    Print ISSN: 0015-8003
    Electronic ISSN: 1439-0337
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Springer
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1983-02-01
    Print ISSN: 0143-0815
    Topics: Medicine , Physics
    Published by Institute of Physics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2005-01-01
    Print ISSN: 1352-2310
    Electronic ISSN: 1873-2844
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Elsevier
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