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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 321 (1985), S. 426-435 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Without changing the fundamentals of the Kovats retention index system, a non-linear power series expansion of the relationship between the logarithm of adjusted retention times versus carbon number allows accurate wide range extra- and intrapolations of retention indices. The non-linear equation describes the experimental results for the n-alkanes starting with methane up to C44. The differences between the non-adjusted retention times are used for the calculations, thus avoiding any errors connected with the experimental determination of the dead time. The method opens the field for data handling and compound identification of complex mixtures analyzed by high resolution gas chromatography. Such problems are routine in environmental analysis. The homologous series of n-alkyl trichloroacetates (ATA) are used as retention index standards in electron capture detection.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine Reihenentwicklung der Beziehung bei Homologen zwischen Kohlenstoffzahl und Nettoretentionszeit in der isothermen Gas-Chromatographie erlaubt eine richtige Extrapolation der experimentell erhaltenen Retentionsindices vom Methan bis zum C44-n-Alkan. Als Basis für die Berechnung der Retentionsindices werden die Differenzen der Bruttoretentionszeiten verwendet. Auf diese Weise entfällt der Fehler einer experimentellen Totzeitbestimmung. Die beschriebene Methode kann als Hilfe zur Identifizierung komplexer Gemische insbesondere in Umweltproben genutzt werden. Durch Verwendung der homologen Reihe der n-Alkyl-trichloracetate (ATA) als Bezugspunkt für den Retentionsindex ist auch eine Anwendung des Elektroneneinfang-Detektors möglich.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Chromatographia 12 (1979), S. 790-798 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Dead-time ; log ts=f(C) ; Retention index calculation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird eine Methode zur Retentionsindex-Bestimmung beschrieben, die von einem kubischen Zusammenhang zwischen Bruttoretentionszeit-Differenzen der Referenzhomologen und der Kohlenstoffzahl ausgeht. Hieraus ergeben sich direkt die Nettoretentionszeiten. Der Fehler der Totzeitbestimmung entfällt bei dieser Methode. Mit den so gewonnenen Nettoretentionszeiten erhält man über einen kubischen Zusammenhang zwischen 1g ts=f(C) die Retentionsindices. Extrapolationen und Interpolationen sind über 300 Retentionsindexeinheiten mit einem mittleren Fehler von ±0,02 Retentionsindexeinheiten möglich. Das Verfahren bietet sich für eine automatische Berechnung der I-Werte mittels on-line-Datenverarbeitung an.
    Notes: Summary The method for the calculation of retention indices described here is based on a third order relationship between the logarithm of differences of unadjusted retention times of homologues and the carbon number. From this adjusted retention times are directly calculated. A determination of the dead-time is not necessary thus avoiding the errors connected with this factor. A cubic equation for the logarithm of the adjusted retention time lg ts as a function of carbon number Cn is used for the retention index calculation. Extrapolations and interpolations can be done over a range of 300 index units with an average deviation of ±0.02 i.u.. The method offers the possibility of an automated on-line calculation of retention indices by computer merely on the basis of unadjusted retention times.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Retention index calculation ; lg ts=f(C) ; Dead-time ; Complex mixtures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die bisher in der Literatur beschriebenen Verfahren zur Retentionsindex-Bestimmung beruhen auf einem linearen Zusammenhang zwischen dem Logarithmus der Nettoretentionszeit lg ts und der Kohlenstoffzahl C der n-Alkane. Wie genaue Meßwerte für Retentionszeiten zeigen, ist die Funkton lg ts=f(C) nicht streng linear. Die Krümmung des Funktionsbildes bedingt, daß lineare Regressionsmethoden, sowie auch die Methode nach Kovats, es nicht erlauben, extrapolativ sowie über weite Retentionsbereiche interpolativ I-Werte zu berechnen. In dieser Arbeit werden Retentionsindices aufgrund eines kubischen Zusammenhanges zwischen lg ts und der Kohlenstoffzahl ermittelt. Die hierzu notwendige Totzeit tm wird aus den Differenzen der Bruttoretentionszeiten der Referenzhomologen ermittelt.
    Notes: Summary Methods of retention index calculation described in the literature have been based on a linear relationship between the logarithm of the adjusted retention times lg ts and the carbon numbers C of n-alkanes. Exact measurements of the retention times of n-alkanes show that the relationship lg ts=f(C) is in fact not strictly linear. Correct extrapolative or interpolative calculations of retention indices over a wide retention range are therefore impossible when using the original formula as given by Kovats or methods based on a linear regression concept. The method of retention index calculation presented here is based on a cubic relationship between lg ts and carbon number allowing extrapolative or interpolative calculations. The hold-up time (tm) is calculated on the basis of differences of retention times of the reference homologues.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 537-544 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Chromatographic properties of glass surfaces ; Fluorad FC 431 ; Glass capillary GC of basic compounds ; Modification of glass surfaces ; Deactivation of glass surfaces ; Acid-base behaviour of GC columns ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: “Leaching” or “etching” by strong mineral acids seems to be a necessary pretreatment step for the most commonly used deactivation procedures of glass capillaries by reaction with either polyethylene glycol or silylation reagents. The acidic sites which are formed on the surface during this acid treatment cannot be completely removed by the subsequent deactivation process. This drawback can be overcome by performing the leaching with water vapour, resulting in an accumulation of cations at the surface and a decrease in the number of silanol groups. Capillaries of this type show excellent properties for the chromatography of strongly basic compounds. After the wash-out of the alkaline surface layer, the acidity of the support is suited for the chromatography of strongly basic as well as strongly acidic compounds. Due to a lack of reactive acidic sites, special deactivation procedures have to be applied to capillaries produced in this way.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 1979-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0009-5893
    Electronic ISSN: 1612-1112
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by Springer
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1979-12-01
    Print ISSN: 0009-5893
    Electronic ISSN: 1612-1112
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by Springer
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  • 7
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