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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 862-864 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] IDEAS on the nature of a crystalline polymer have undergone profound changes during recent years. Whereas previously it was believed that long-chain molecules by their very nature form bundle-like crystals intermeshed with an amorphous matrix, more recent research has revealed that against all ...
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 11 (1978), S. 546-547 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Changes in small-angle X-ray diffraction when microporous materials, formed from hard elastic precursors, are immersed in liquids has established that the interlamellar fibrils are crystalline. It is concluded that the stabilization of the extended void structure is due to crystallization of the fibrils.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 2 (1967), S. 538-558 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The experiments and their interpretation presented here examine the interrelation between the crystalline and amorphous components of oriented polymers. In particular, oriented low-density polyethylene was examined by low-angle X-ray scattering in successive stages of heat relaxation, both at room temperature and at the temperature of the heat-treatment. These experiments were supplemented by measurements of dimensional changes occurring during annealing and those produced by swelling. The effect of redrawing from various stages of annealing and that of oxidation on the orientation behaviour were also examined. The results were correlated with the molecular orientation behaviour established by wide-angle X-ray diffraction in part 1 [1]. According to the picture which emerges, the oriented material consists of lamellae, established during the earliest stages of annealing, having {h0/} basal planes, in close analogy with the unoriented bulk-grown and appropriate solution-grown crystals. The first stages of the reorientation process on annealing consist of interlamellar slip, activated by a uniaxial compression released by the heat-treatment. Such slip also characterises the corresponding stages of redrawing, providing an example of a definitive textural process which ought also to occur under more general conditions of drawing. The present evidence points to definitive individuality of the lamellae, which suggests at least a certain amount of chain-folding. The later stages of reorientation occur by intralamellar slip which conforms to the established crystal plasticity elements. At progressively higher annealing temperatures, increasing melting takes place leading to oriented recrystallisation on cooling. The resulting orientation conforms to that expected from crystallisation emanating from strings of nuclei which persist after all crystalline material has melted, pointing to important analogies with crystallisation under stress [13]. This recrystallisation may also be influenced by uniaxial pressure which could persist in samples not yet fully relaxed. In addition to the compressive forces, forces which tend to restore the initial orientation are manifest. The latter are likely to be generated by the slip processes themselves. This points to different kinds of amorphous material distinguished by their relation to the crystalline morphology.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 204 (1965), S. 43-74 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 209 (1966), S. 128-135 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im ersten Teil werden Polyäthylenoxyd-Einkristalle mit Elektronenbeugung untersucht und die Ergebnisse mit Röntgenbeugungen in Beziehung gebracht, wobei besondere Textur-Aufnahmen aus in Masse kristallisierten Proben einbezogen werden. In einigen Fällen wurde Übereinstimmung zwischen den Abmessungen der Elementar-Zelle gefunden. In anderen schien der eine der Parameter in den Einkristallen verdoppelt zu sein, ein Effekt, den wir mit Zwillingsbildung zusammenbringen. Hinsichtlich der Packung der Ketten vermuten wir, daß sie im allgemeinen spezifisch ist mit 72 Helices. Der zweite Teil beschäftigt sich mit der Kristallorientierung in Polyäthylenoxiden. Es wurden Sphärulite beider Art mitb und [401] radialer Orientierung gefunden, was eine frühere Anomalie in der Literatur verstehen läßt. Die gedrehte Struktur in gebänderten Sphäruliten wird durch Feinstrahlröntgenbeugung geprüft, die die individuellen Phasen in einer Rotationsperiode auch aufzulösen gestattet. Die optische Ebene erweist sich als diebc-Ebene aus der Korrelation von optischen Extinktionseffekten und der Orientierung der Elementarzellen. Ein Zusammenhang zwischen den verschiedenen Sphäruliten und dem zugrundeliegenden Kristall-Habitus wird vermutet, der allgemein bei Sphärulit-Wachstum gültig sein dürfte und möglicherweise für einige Sonder-Effekte, die in der Literatur berichtet werden, verantwortlich ist.
    Notes: Summary In the first part poly(ethylene oxide) single crystals were examined by electron diffraction and correlated withX-ray diffraction, including a special texture pattern from bulk crystallised samples. Agreement between the unit cell assignment was found in some cases while in others one of the cell parameters appeared to be doubled in the single crystals, an effect we associate with twinning. Suggestions concerning chain packing are made which may be specific to 72 helices in general. The second part is concerned with crystal orientation within poly(ethylene oxide) spherulites. Spherulites with bothb and [401] radial orientation were found, thus resolving an earlier anomaly in the literature. The twisted structure in banded spherulites was confirmed by micro-beamX-ray examination resolving individual phases within a twist period. The optic axial plane was found to be thebc plane from a correlation of optical extinction effects and unit cell orientation. A connection between the different spherulite types and the underlying crystal habits is suggested which may be general in spherulite growth, possibly accounting for some puzzling effects reported in the literature.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 3 (1968), S. 646-654 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Special sample types established and characterised in Parts 1 and 2 [1,2] were examined systematically under different modes of external deformation at constant temperatures. The structural changes recorded by means of wide- and low-angle X-ray patterns fully substantiated the bodily rotation of the otherwise unaltered crystallites in accordance with the interlamellar slip mechanism postulated in Parts 1 and 2, both in tension and under two modes of compression. Dimensional changes, however, were significantly in excess of those expected from the rotation of crystallites, but were uniquely correlated with this relation in the different samples under different conditions of deformation. This points to a unique structural and mechanistic interrelation between the crystallites and more compliant amorphous regions. As the X-ray long periods were unaffected by the deformation, the more extensible material cannot be identical to that associated with the lamellar periodicity, a fact which points to a previously unsuspected superlamellar regularity in the texture. A simple structural suggestion is made.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 1 (1966), S. 41-51 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract This paper, first of a series, maps out the changes in molecular orientation occurring when doubly-oriented polyethylene is heat relaxed as a preliminary to further work on the relation of molecular orientation and crystalline texture. While earlier investigations have dealt with individual aspects of this field, the present results have now brought the previous, in some respects diverging views, into a single, unified scheme. Drawing followed by rolling produces a twinned, double texture which has been shown to result from a single texture (single crystal analogue) present under pressure, in agreement with an earlier hypothesis. The same single crystal analogue is produced by slight annealing. Further annealing leads to progressive molecular tilt around the b crystal axis and finally to a texture which is the macroscopic analogue of a solution grown crystal platelet. Beyond this stage, randomisation around b sets in, resulting in a texture analogue of a spherulitic fibril (Point's fibre “N”). Some orientation in the non-crystalline position of the material is also indicated, which, however, decays faster than that of the crystals.
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1967-11-01
    Print ISSN: 0022-2461
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-4803
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1965-08-01
    Print ISSN: 0372-820X
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-1536
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1968-11-01
    Print ISSN: 0022-2461
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-4803
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Published by Springer
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