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Chemical composition of Flourensia cernua at four growth stages (1996)

ESTELL, R. E. ; FREDRICKSON, E. L. ; HAVSTAD, K. M.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Grass and forage science 51 (1996), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2494

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Tarbush (Flourensia cernua DC) is an abundant Chihuahuan Desert shrub but is used sparingly by livestock. Leaves were removed from forty tarbush plants harvested in each of 3 years during four growth stages: (1) early. (2) mid-point, (3) late and (4) curtailed growth (ten plants per growth stage each year). Plants were air dried and all leaves were removed. In vitro dry-matter (DM) disappearance was greater for the early growth stage than other stages (P〈005). The fibrous fraction increased with maturity, with neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) arid acid detergent lignin (ADL) contents all less for the early growth stage (P〈0 05) than other stages. The latter three growth stages did not differ in NDF or ADF content, but ADL content was lower for the mid-point growth stage than for the two later stages (P〈0–05). Calcium content increased with advancing season (P〈0–05), whereas phosphorus concentration exhibited an inverse pattern (P〈0–05). Nitrogen (N) content of tarbush was greatest in the early growth stage (P 〈0–05) and declined substantially thereafter. Soluble N content was greater and acid detergent insoluble N (ADIN) content was lower for early growth (P〈005) than other stages. Insoluble N concentration followed a pattern similar to N, declining with advancing season (P〈0–05). When expressed as a fraction of total N, insoluble N decreased and soluble N increased with maturity (P〈005). Condensed tannin concentration tended (P〈0–10) to increase with advancing season. Total phenolic content was lowest for early growth (P〈005), and did not differ among the other stages. Chemical analysis revealed tarbush to be relatively high in N concentration. Fibre fractions, ADIN, ADL and condensed tannins were ail generally low whereas total phenolic content of tarbush was quite high. Early use by livestock would be most advantageous in terms of nutrient availability (N, P and in vitro digestibility) and lowest total phenolic concentration. Year-to-year variability in chemical composition of tarbush appears to be substantial. It remains to be seen whether overriding intake deterrents would be beneficial to livestock, given the high phenolic concentration in tarbush. Tarbush has several characteristics that make it a suitable model for studying plant-animal interactions of desert shrubs.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1996.tb02078.x

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Creosotebush vegetation after 50 years of lagomorph exclusion (1993)

Gibbens, R. P. ; Havstad, K. M. ; Billheimer, D. D. ; [et al.]

Springer

Oecologia 94 (1993), S. 210-217

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ISSN: 1432-1939

Keywords: Black-tailed jackrabbit ; Larrea tridentata ; Sporobolus contractus ; Spike dropseed ; Parthenium incanum

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract In 1939, an experiment was established on the Jornada Experimental Range to evaluate the effects of shrub removal, rabbit exclusion, furrowing, and seeding in creosotebush [Larrea tridentata (DC.) Cov] vegetation. Sixteen plots (21.3×21.3 m) were laid out in four rows of four plots per row with a buffer zone of 7.6 m between plots and rows. A barbed wire fence excluded cattle and poultry wire fencing excluded lagomorphs. Treatments were factorially applied at two levels. Plant cover in the plots was sampled in 1938 (before treatment), 1947, 1956, 1960, 1967 and 1989 with randomly located, line-intercept transects. Data from all sampling dates were analyzed as a split plot in time and main effects for 1989 tested by analysis of variance for a 2×4 factorial experiment. There were significant (P〈0.10) year x treatment interactions. Seeding and furrowing treatments were ineffective but lagomorph exclusion and shrub clearing treatments resulted in significant treatment differences for several species. In 1989, basal area of spike dropseed (Sporobolus contractus A.S. Hitchc.) was 30-fold greater on the lagomorph excluded than on the lagomorph unexcluded treatment. Canopy cover of honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa Torr. var. glandulosa), tarbush (Flourensia cernua DC.) and mariola (Parthenium incanum H.B.K.) were affected by lagomorph exclusion. None of the responses were viewed as successional in nature. They principally represented individual species sensitivities to either absence of a primary herbivore or removal of aboveground shrub biomass. Though the physical treatments could be regarded as relatively severe disturbances of the system, the impacts on community vegetation dynamics were relatively insignificant.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00341319

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Relationship of Tarbush Leaf Surface Terpene Profile with Livestock Herbivory (1998)

Estell, R. E. ; Fredrickson, E. L. ; Anderson, D. M. ; [et al.]

Springer

Journal of chemical ecology 24 (1998), S. 1-12

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ISSN: 1573-1561

Keywords: Flourensia cernua ; leaf surface chemistry ; diet selection ; epicuticular wax ; monoterpenes ; sesquiterpenes

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology

Notes: Abstract Tarbush (Flourensia cernua DC.) is a Chihuahuan Desert shrub with a resinous leaf surface containing terpenes that may affect livestock herbivory. Cattle, sheep, and goats were densely stocked in paddocks containing tarbush in two consecutive years for six to nine days and defoliation of 160 plants was recorded daily. Plants were categorized as exhibiting high or low defoliation. Leaves were collected from these plants the third year for chemical analysis. A selection procedure was used to generate two variable sets closely related to defoliation category. One set contained 14 variables (dry matter, ash, α-pinene, sabinene, 3-carene, p-cymene, limonene, camphor, borneol, cis-jasmone, β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, ledene, and flourensadiol) and the other set contained 14 unidentified compounds. When subjected to multivariate analysis, each group distinguished between the two defoliation categories (P 〈 0.001 and P 〈 0.0019 for known and unknown variable sets, respectively). These data support the hypothesis that leaf surface chemistry of individual tarbush plants is related to extent of defoliation by livestock.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022399426352

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Effects of organic solvents on use of tarbush by sheep (1994)

Estell, R. E. ; Anderson, D. M. ; Havstad, K. M.

Springer

Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1137-1142

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ISSN: 1573-1561

Keywords: Flourensia cernua ; leaf surface ; organic solvents ; sheep ; herbivory ; tarbush

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology

Notes: Abstract Tarbush (Flourensia cernua DC) is a native perennial shrub prevalent in many parts of the Chihuahuan Desert. Ruminants have exhibited limited use of tarbush leaves and new leaders as a forage during the summer growing season. Efforts to increase use of tarbush by lambs through spraying with various organic solvents were unsuccessful, probably because of the highly variable response. However, complete immersion of tarbush in organic solvents (acetone and ethanol) increased (P〈0.01) tarbush use by ram lambs when compared to unaltered tarbush. Data suggest that removal of secondary compounds from the leaf surface of tarbush using organic solvents enhanced acceptability of tarbush to sheep.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059749

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