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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microorganisms surviving for 5300 years (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 116 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recently, the well-preserved corpse of a prehistoric man with an age of approximately 5300 years bp was discovered in the Central European Alps. Analysis of materials associated with the individual has revealed the presence of microorganisms which are believed to have survived since the time of death. So far, two fungi have been isolated and identified as species of the genera Chaetomium and Absidia, respectively. In addition, we have obtained one bacterial isolate which we have identified as a Streptomyces species. Our findings demonstrate that microorganisms can remain viable under appropriate circumstances for thousands of years. The isolates may enable us to study evolutionary trends within microorganisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1994.tb06699.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Further evidence in support of the authenticity of microorganisms believed to have survived for 5300 years (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 120 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract It has been questioned whether the microorganisms isolated from hay, which the ice-man had used for padding his boots, were authentic. The arguments in favour of, and those brought forward against, the authenticity are discussed. Based upon additional circumstantial evidence we maintain our view that the microbial strains isolated from the grass samples are more likely to be of ancient origin than to have been derived from secondary contamination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1994.tb06999.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of heavy metal pollution on mycorrhizal colonization and function: physiological, ecological and applied aspects (1997)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 7 (1997), S. 139-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words Arbuscular mycorrhizae ; Ectomycorrhizas ; Ericoid mycorrhizas ; Heavy metals ; Soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  High concentrations of heavy metals in soil have an adverse effect on micro-organisms and microbial processes. Among soil microorganisms, mycorrhizal fungi are the only ones providing a direct link between soil and roots, and can therefore be of great importance in heavy metal availability and toxicity to plants. This review discusses various aspects of the interactions between heavy metals and mycorrhizal fungi, including the effects of heavy metals on the occurrence of mycorrhizal fungi, heavy metal tolerance in these micro-organisms, and their effect on metal uptake and transfer to plants. Mechanisms involved in metal tolerance, uptake and accumulation by mycorrhizal hyphae and by endo- or ectomycorrhizae are covered. The possible use of mycorrhizal fungi as bioremediation agents in polluted soils or as bioindicators of pollution is also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050174
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fungal associations of roots of dominant and sub-dominant plants in high-alpine vegetation systems with special reference to mycorrhiza (1980)
    Springer
    Oecologia 45 (1980), S. 57-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Types of root infection were analysed in healthy dominant and sub-dominant plants of zonal and azonal vegetation above the timberline in the Central and Northern Calcareous Alps of Austria. In the open nival zone vegetation, infection by fungi of the Rhizoctonia type was predominant, vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection, which was mostly of the fine endophyte (Glomus tenuis) type, being light and mainly restricted to grasses in closed vegetation patches. More extensive Glomus tenuis infection was found in the alpine grass heath, but in Carex, Rhizoctonia was again the most important fungus. The ericaceous plants of the dwarf shrub heath have typical ericoid infection, but quantitative analysis reveals a decrease of infection intensity with increase of altitude. The possible function of the various types of root infection are discussed, and the status of Rhizoctonia as a possible mycorrhizal fungus is considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00346707
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The significance of a root-fungus association in two Carex species of high-alpine plant communities (1982)
    Springer
    Oecologia 53 (1982), S. 352-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The relationship between roots of Carex firma, C. sempervirens and their commonly occuring dark septate fungal associates was examined. Two typical fungal associates were isolated and reinoculated onto aseptically grown seedlings of the two host species. Both isolates produced significant increases of dry matter production in C. firma compared with uninoculated controls. No growth stimulation was obtained in C. sempervirens. Shoot phosphorus concentrations were significantly increased in both host species by inoculation. The absence of growth stimulation in C. sempervirens may be due to carbon drain imposed by the fungus or to the fact that nutrients other than phosphorus are growth limiting. The nature and possible ecological significance of the root-fungus association is discussed and it is suggested that the relationship is mutualistic rather than parasitic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00389012
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Availability of nitrogen and phosphorus in the nival zone of the Alps (1983)
    Springer
    Oecologia 57 (1983), S. 266-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In high-alpine soils the maximum temperature is low even during the growing season, and hence mineralisation of nutrients is reduced. The aim of this study was to investigate what sources of nitrogen and phosphorus are available for vascular plants in the alpine nival zone to support growth. Using acetylene reduction assays levels of nitrogenase activity were assessed in sealed pots containing nival zone soil and plants at an altitude above 3000 m, and in bacterial isolates of soil and rhizosphere in the laboratory. Nitrogenase activity could not be detected in bacterial isolates or in the soil containing no plants. Small quantities of ethylen (〈87 nmol·h-1 per pot) were detected in pots with Cerastium uniflorum and Poa laxa. This activity must be attributable to rhizosphere bacteria since no evidence for the presence of cyanobacteria could be obtained. Other sources of nitrogen for the plants were detected in the form of ammonium and nitrate in soil water and in snow melt water. These solutions also contained extractable phosphorus in quantities normally considered to be sufficient for growth. Analyses of the internal concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus also suggested that these elements were present in adequate amounts in these plants. It was considered that soil and snow melt water together may provide sufficient nitrogen and phosphorus to support the extremely small annual growth increment of nival zone plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379589
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A non-radioactive DNA probe for detecting dicyandiamide-degrading soil bacteria (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 159-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Nitrification inhibitor ; Dicyandiamide ; Mycobacterium sp. ; Non-radioactive DNA probe ; DNA hybridization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Some soil bacteria are capable of degrading the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD). One of the most efficient isolates is strain EK1 of Mycobacterium sp. For detecting this and closely related DCD-degrading bacteria in soil we developed a non-radioactive DNA probe. A 1.7-kb EK1 DNA fragment was selected from a genomic library and labelled with digoxigenin. The probe was highly specific for EK1 and closely related or identical species of soil bacteria. A method for direct detection of DNA from soil was developed. The sensitivity of this methodology allowed detection of 2×103 EK1 cells g–1 soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050297
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contribution of nitrogen fixation to nitrogen nutrition in an alpine sedge community (Caricetum curvulae) (1988)
    Springer
    Oecologia 76 (1988), S. 298-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Nitrogenase (acetylene reducing) activity ; Microbial ecology ; Soil ; Plant analyses ; Nitrogen economy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In situ acetylene reduction assays (ARA) were carried out over two growing seasons at 2550 m in the upper alpine zone of the Tyrolean Central Alps of Austria. For comparative purposes, some Fabaceae species introduced into the upper alpine zone from lower elevation (2000 m) were subjected to ARA. At the end of the growing season the potted plants were transferred to the laboratory where their acetylene reducing activities were measured again. In situ nitrogenase activity is very low. The highest values were found in association with Leucanthemopsis alpina and Veronica bellidioides (150 and 217 nmol ethylene 24 h-1 per pot respectively). Higher levels of activity were detected in pots transferred to the laboratory (maximum value 750 nmol ethylene 24 h-1 per pot; assay temperature about 12°C higher than in the field) and in the Fabaceae transferred to the upper alpine zone (14×103 nmol ethylene 24 h-1 per pot of Trifolium badium and T. pallescens). Maximum nitrogen input in the field is in the range of 8 mg m-2 a-1. Therefore, under natural circumstances biological nitrogen fixation contributes only very small amounts of nitrogen to this alpine vegetation system, the process being inhibited by low soil temperatures. Possible alternative sources and patterns of N acquisition are discussed in relation to the overall nitrogen economics of plants of the upper alpine zone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379967
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metabolic quotient of the soil microflora in relation to plant succession (1989)
    Springer
    Oecologia 79 (1989), S. 174-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Microbial biomass ; Soil respiration ; Metabolic quotient ; Succession ; Ecosystem theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In this study we propose the hypothesis that ecosystem succession is accompanied by a decrease in the metabolic quotient qCO2 (respiration-to-biomass ratio) of the soil microflora. The qCO2 is calculated from basal respiration (CO2-C·h-1) per unit microbial biomass carbon (Cmier). The hypothesis was tested by studying two primary successions on recessional moraines of the Rotmoos Ferner (Austria) and the Athabasca Glacier (Canada). For both soil seres (0-〉200 years) it was shown that the qCO2 decreased with time, which corroborated the hypothesis. In addition, the short term development of the qCO2 was demonstrated with a revegetation trial. We observed a rise in qCO2 for the first two years after reclamation, followed by a subsequent decrease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00388474
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Indol-(wuchs-)stoffbeziehungen zwischen Mikroorganismen aus der Rhizosphäre und einem Mykorrhizapilz von Pinus cembra L. (1973)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 94 (1973), S. 259-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde untersucht, ob sich Mikroorganismen aus der Mykorrhizosphäre an der Indol-(wuchs-)stoffsynthese entscheidend beteiligen, wenn nur niedere Vorstufen zur Verfügung stehen. Die Versuche haben ergeben, daß der Mykorrhizapilz Suillus plorans (Roll.) Sing. in Reinkultur nicht imstande ist, von einer Anthranilsäurenährlösung ausgehend, Indolstoffe zu synthetisieren, auch nicht, wenn die Nährlösung andere, allerdings für die Tryptophanbiosynthese weniger spezifische Vorstufen enthält. Wohl aber können Mikroorganismen aus der Mykorrhizosphäre von Pinus cembra L. Indolwuchsstoffe bilden, und zwar in anthranilsäurehaltiger Nährlösung und auch in einer Nährlösung mit für die Tryptophanbiosynthese nicht spezifischen Vorstufen.
    Notes: Summary It was examined whether microorganisms of the mycorrhizosphere take a decisive part in indole-(auxin-)synthesis taking place from early precursors or not. The mycorrhizal fungus Suillus plorans (Roll.) Sing. in pure culture is not capable of synthesizing indole derivatives from anthranilic acid, not even in a medium containing less specific precursors for tryptophan biosynthesis. However, microorganisms of the mycorrhizosphere of Pinus cembra L. are able to synthesize indole-(auxin-)substances, either in media containing anthranilic acid or in media containing precursors not so specific for tryptophan biosynthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00417455
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