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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 17 (1977), S. 529-543 
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 66 (1970), S. 190-200 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Investigations in 10 species showed that respiration of birds in flight is usually co-ordinated with wing beats, but the co-ordination is not obligatory. Respiration synchronous with wing beats (1∶1 co-ordination) was found only in pigeons and crows, the other species exhibited one of 11 other types of co-ordination. Quails, ducks and pheasants, birds with relatively high wing beat frequencies (with relatively small wings) showed a 5∶1 co-ordination. Within species, and even during a flight the type of co-ordination changed, and simultaneously there were sudden changes in the respiration frequency. For the most part, the beginning of inspiration was linked with the (end of) upstroke and the beginning of expiration with the end of downstroke.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 81 (1972), S. 363-380 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An schwirrenden Kolibris (Amazilia fimbriata fluviatilis, mittleres Gewicht 5,7 g) wurden O2-Verbrauch, CO2-Produktion, Atemfrequenz, respiratorische Wasserabgabe und Flügelschlagfrequenz gemessen. Die Versuche wurden bei Temperaturen von 0–35 ° C durchgeführt. Der O2-Verbrauch im Plug bei Temperaturen über 20 ° C beträgt 4,1 ml O2/min= 43 ml O2/g·h, was das 14fache des Basalstoffwechsels ist. Bei Erniedrigung der Umgebungstemperatur nimmt der O2-Verbrauch kontinuierlich um etwa 6% je 10 ° C zu (Abb. 3). Es wird beim Schwirrflug eine weitgehende Substitution der thermoregulatorisch notwendigen Wärmeproduktion durch die bei der Kontraktion der Flugmuskeln entstehende Wärmemenge angenommen. Es wurde die Atemfrequenz mit rund 280/min bestimmt, das Atemzugvolumen mit 0,63 ml (BTS), die Ventilation mit 0,18 l/min (BTS) und die Sauerstoffausnutzung mit 2,2% errechnet. Die respiratorische Wärmeabgabe beträgt bei Temperaturen bis 20 ° C weniger als 20% der Wärmeproduktion, bei 35 ° C wurde das Maximum von 40% gemessen (Abb. 6). Bei trockener Luft macht die respiratorische Wasserabgabe 2,9–4,6% (0–20 ° C) bzw. rund 11% (bei 35 ° C) des Körpergewichtes pro Stunde aus. Bei 0 ° C gleichen sich Wasserproduktion durch Stoffwechselvorgänge und respiratorische Abgabe, bei allen anderen Temperaturen überwiegt die Abgabe: bei 35 ° C beträgt der Netto verlast 350% der Produktion.
    Notes: Summary In hovering hummingbirds (Amazilia fimbriata fluviatilis, mean weight 5.7 g) oxygen consumption, CO2 production, breathing frequency, respiratory water loss and wing frequency were measured at various environmental temperatures from 0 to 35 ° C. The oxygen consumption above 20 ° C reached 4.1 ml/min = 43 ml/g·hr, and was 14 times the calculated basal rate. Oxygen consumption increased about 6% for a 10 ° C fall in environmental temperature (Fig. 3). During flight the thermoregulatory heat production at low temperatures was largely substituted by the heat that is produced by contraction of the wing muscles. The respiratory frequency was estimated to be 280/min, the tidal volume 0.63 ml (BTS), the ventilation 0.18 1/min (BTS) and the oxygen utilization as 2.2%. The respiratory heat loss at temperatures of 20 ° C and below was less than 20% of the heat production, while at 35 ° C a maximum loss of 40% was reached (Fig. 6). In dry air at 0–20° C the water loss measured 2.9 to 4.5% of body weight per hour while at 35 ° C the loss was 11%. At 0 ° C the respiratory water loss and metabolic water production were equal, but at all other temperatures the loss exceeded production (at 35 ° C the loss exceeded production by 350%).
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 66 (1970), S. 201-214 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pulmonary ventilation (tidal volume, frequency) and oxygen content of expired air were measured in separate flights for 3 species of birds — Evening Grosbeak (Hesperiphona vespertina), Ring-billed Gull (Larus delawarensis), and Black Duck (Anas rubripes). Heart rate was measured in flight or immediately after landing in 12 species. Respiratory frequency and tidal volume were greater in flight than during rest. As the O2 content of expired air did not change appreciably, the increase in O2 consumption was similar to the increase in ventilation and averaged more than 10 times basal. The influence of body weight on metabolism during flight was similar to that previously observed under basal conditions. Heart rates during flight (10 species), immediately after landing (12 species), and maximal rates from various authors (15 species) were in close agreement, and were 2–4 times as high as during rest. The heart rate decreased with increasing body weight according to the equation HRf=25.1 BW−0.16 (HR per sec, BW in g). In flight there was much less variation and there was a smaller decrease with increasing weight than during rest. Although the estimated stroke volume and heart size appear larger in birds, the ratio of these functions was similar to that in mammals.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 109 (1968), S. 421-424 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the North American Evening Grosbeak (Hesperiphona vespertina, body weight about 60 g) the respiration was recorded during distress calls. The calls were produced in the expired airstream in pulsations of 55–60/sec. The inspirations lying between the calls had increased tidal volume and airflow velocity relative to rest. The duration of inspiration was only 0,1–0,15 sec, which is very similar to that in flight.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Beim nordamerikanischen Abendkernbeißer (Hesperiphona vespertina, Körpergewicht um 60 g) wurde die Atmung bei einer Reihe von Schreckrufen aufgezeichnet. Die Rufe wurden beim Ausatmen ausgestoßen, der Luftstrom war in Pulsationen von 55–60/sec zerlegt. Bei den dazwischen liegenden Einatmungen waren Atemstrom und Atemvolumen im Vergleich zur Ruhe erhöht. Die Einatmungsdauer betrug nur 0,1–0,15 sec, was der Atmung im Flug sehr ähnlich ist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 10 (1972), S. 377-383 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 4 (1966), S. 457-466 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommaire Cet article décrit un émetteur de faible poids, robuste, à plusieurs canaux conçu pour la télémetrie de données biologiques telles que la respiration, des électrocardiogrammes et la température du corps d'oiseaux pendant le vol. L'émetteur fonctionne sur 230 MHz et utilise une modulation FM-FM. Il mesure 7,5 cm de long, 2,5 cm de diamètre, pèse 30 gr. et utilise 2 batteries à cellules d'argent de 100 mA-heure.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Diese Arbeit beschreibt einen leichten, widerstandsfähigen Mehrkanalsender zur Telemetrie biologischer Daten wie Atemvolumen, EKG, Körpertemperatur von Vögeln während des Fluges. Der Sender arbeitet bei 230 MHz mit Doppelfrequenzmodulation. Er ist 3 in. lang, 1 in. im Durchmesser und wiegt 30 Gramm mit zwei 100 mA-Stunden-Silberzellen Batterien.
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a light-weight, rugged, multi-channel transmitter designed for telemetering biological data such as tidal volume, electrocardiograms, and body temperature, from birds in flight. The transmitter operates at 230 Mc/s, and uses FM-FM modulation. It measures 3 in. in length, 1 in. dia. and weighs 30 g with two 100-mA hr Silvercel batteries.
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1977-04-01
    Print ISSN: 0362-1642
    Electronic ISSN: 1545-4304
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Published by Annual Reviews
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1951-03-23
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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