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1

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The ability of Phytophthora cinnamomi to infect through unwounded and wounded periderm tissue of Eucalyptus matginata (1996)

O'GARA, E. ; HARDY, G. E. ST. J. ; McCOMB, J. A.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Plant pathology 45 (1996), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-3059

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Unwounded and wounded periderm tissue of 1-year old stems of Eucalyptus marginata were infected and lesioned after 5 days’exposure to either mycelium or motile zoospores of Phytophthora cinnamomi. Lesions produced by P. cinnamomi were longer in wounded than in unwounded stems. The inclusion of non-sterile mine site soil with inocula in the unwounded treatments did not affect the rate or extent to which P. cinnamomi colonized E. marginata stem tissue. The ability of P. cinnamomi zoospores to infect unwounded suberized woody tissue of E. marginata, has important implications for mine site rehabilitation in P. cinnamomi infested areas. This is the first study to demonstrate clearly that zoospores of P. cinnamomi can infect and invade unwounded suberized tissue.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1996.tb02906.x

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2

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The early development of disease caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi in Eucalyptus marginata and Eucalyptus calophylla grooving in rehabilitated bauxite mined areas (1996)

HARDY, G. E. ST J. ; COLQUHOUN, I. J. ; NIELSEN, P.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Plant pathology 45 (1996), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-3059

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: The soil-borne plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi is widely distributed in the jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest of Western Australia. Infested areas of the forest are mined for bauxite and the presence of the pathogen could after the survival of trees re-established after mining. Monitoring of 21 revegetated bauxite mined areas found that survival of jarrah and marri (Eucalyptus calophylla) trees was high (85–92% and 93–99%, respectively) after 5–7 years but P. cinnamomi was recovered from dead trees. To identify trees for more detailed study, plant symptoms of stress such as suppressed growth, wilting, yellowing of crown, coppice and epicormic growth and visible stem lesions were used. Over a period of 15 months, 30 E. marginata and 28 E. calophylla were carefully excavated and examined for lesions and the presence of P. cinnamomi. P. cinnamomi was consistently isolated from the lignotuber and collar regions of both hosts but never from the roots alone, except in one instance from E. calophylla where it was isolated from a non-lesioned root. In E. calophylla, the lignotuber appears to be very susceptible to invasion by P. cinnamomi in contrast to the roots which appear resistant. The invasion of the pathogen into the lignotuber and collar regions of both species was consistently associated with ponding of water around the plants. This ponding persists for many hours to days after rain and appears to provide an infection court for P. cinnamomi. Development of rehabilitation procedures to reduce this ponding will minimize the risk of tree deaths caused by this pathogen.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1996.tb02905.x

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3

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Novel in vivo use of a polyvalent Streptomyces phage to disinfest Streptomyces scabies-infected seed potatoes (2001)

McKenna, F. ; El-Tarabily, K. A. ; Hardy, G. E. ST. J. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd

Plant pathology 50 (2001), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-3059

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: A highly virulent and polyvalent Streptomyces phage was isolated from a potato field near Albany, Western Australia. The efficacy of the isolated phage to disinfest seed potato tubers artificially inoculated with a common scab-causing streptomycete was evaluated. The phage suspension was prepared in a mini-bioreactor. Diseased potatoes were bathed in a phage suspension (1 × 109 plaque-forming units per mL) for 24 h. The suspension was constantly circulated within a novel 25 L phage bath by means of an air-sparging pipe driven from an air compressor. Phage-treated scab-affected seed potatoes planted into free-draining polystyrene boxes containing steam-pasteurized field soil produced tuber progeny with significantly (P 〈 0·05) reduced levels of surface lesions of scab (1·2%) compared with tubers harvested from nonphage-treated tubers (23%). The number of scab lesions was also significantly reduced (P 〈 0·05) by phage treatment of mother tubers. No significant differences were recorded in weight, size or number of harvested tubers from phage-treated or nontreated mother tubers. This is the first in vivo study that has used Streptomyces phage to significantly disinfest seed potatoes of Streptomyces scabies and thereby reduce contamination of soil from seed-tuber-borne inoculum and reduce infection of daughter tubers.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2001.00648.x

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4

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Variation in sensitivity of Western Australian isolates of Phytophthora cinnamomi to phosphite in vitro (2001)

Wilkinson, C. J. ; Shearer, B. L. ; Jackson, T. J. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd

Plant pathology 50 (2001), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-3059

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Seventy-one Australian isolates of Phytophthora cinnamomi (68 from Western Australia) were tested for sensitivity to phosphite on Ribeiro's modified medium. Isolates formed a continuum in their response to phosphite, but could be divided into sensitive (9% of isolates), intermediate (82%) and tolerant (9%) groups. Sensitivity varied between isolates, with EC50 values ranging from 4 to 148 µg phosphite mL−1. Phytophthora cinnamomi A1 mating-type isolates were at the upper end of the range of tolerance shown by the A2 mating-type isolates.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2001.00539.x

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5

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Biological control of Sclerotinia minor using a chitinolytic bacterium and actinomycetes (2000)

El-Tarabily, K. A. ; Soliman, M. H. ; Nassar, A. H. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd

Plant pathology 49 (2000), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-3059

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Isolates of 85 bacteria and 94 streptomycete and 35 nonstreptomycete actinomycetes were obtained from a lettuce-growing field in Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates, on colloidal chitin agar, and screened for their ability to produce chitinase. Twenty-three bacteria and 38 streptomycete and 15 nonstreptomycete actinomycete isolates produced high levels of chitinase and were examined in vitro for their ability to suppress the growth of Sclerotinia minor, a pathogen causing basal drop disease of lettuce. The three most suppressive isolates were examined further for their production of β-1,3-glucanase and antifungal activity as well as their ability to colonize the roots and rhizosphere of lettuce in vitro and in planta. The three isolates, Serratia marcescens, Streptomyces viridodiasticus and Micromonospora carbonacea, significantly reduced the growth of S. minor in vitro, and produced high levels of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase. Streptomyces viridodiasticus also produced antifungal metabolite(s) that significantly reduced the growth of the pathogen in vitro. When the pathogen was presented as the sole carbon source, all three isolates caused extensive hyphal plasmolysis and cell wall lysis. Serratia marcescens and St. viridodiasticus were competent to varying degrees in colonizing the roots of lettuce seedlings after 8 days on agar plates and the rhizosphere within 14 days in pots, with their competency being superior to that of M. carbonacea. All three isolates, individually or in combination, were antagonistic to S. minor and significantly reduced incidence of disease under controlled glasshouse conditions.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2000.00494.x

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6

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Evaluation of resistance to Phytophthora cinnamomi in seed-grown trees and clonal lines of Eucalyptus marginata inoculated in lateral branches and roots (2002)

Hüberli, D. ; Tommerup, I. C. ; Colquhoun, I. J. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd

Plant pathology 51 (2002), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-3059

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Seed-grown trees and six clonal lines of 3·5–4·5-year-old Eucalyptus marginata (jarrah) growing in a rehabilitated bauxite mine site in the jarrah forest were underbark-inoculated on lateral branches (1995) or simultaneously on lateral branches and lateral roots (1996) with isolates of Phytophthora cinnamomi in late autumn. Individual seedlings from which the clonal lines were derived had previously been assessed as either resistant (RR) or susceptible (SS) to P. cinnamomi. At harvest, the acropetal lesion and colonization lengths were measured. Overall, the length of colonization in roots and branches was more consistent as a measure of resistance than lesion length, because colonization length recorded the recovery of P. cinnamomi from macroscopically symptomless tissue ahead of the lesion which, on some occasions, was up to 6 cm. In both trials, one RR clonal line was able to contain the P. cinnamomi isolates consistently, as determined by small lesion and colonization lengths in branches and roots. In contrast, the remaining two RR clonal lines used in both trials were no different from the SS line in their ability to contain lesions or colonization. These latter two RR lines may therefore not be suitable for use in rehabilitation of P. cinnamomi-infested areas. Differences in lesion and colonization lengths among P. cinnamomi isolates occurred only in the 1995 trial. Colonization and lesion lengths in branches were up to eight times greater in 1996 than in 1995, but the relative rankings of clonal lines were consistent between trials. Although colonization was always greater in branches than roots, the relative rankings of the lines were similar between branch and root inoculations. Branch inoculations are a valid option for testing the resistance and susceptibility of young jarrah trees to P. cinnamomi.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2002.00728.x

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7

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Effect of phosphite on in planta zoospore production of Phytophthora cinnamomi (2001)

Wilkinson, C. J. ; Holmes, J. M. ; Dell, B. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd

Plant pathology 50 (2001), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-3059

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: The efficacy of phosphite to control the production of zoospores of Phytophthora cinnamomi on infected trees grown in a glasshouse and in a revegetated mined area was examined. Banksia grandis and Eucalyptus marginata seedlings in the glasshouse and E. marginata seedlings in the minepit were sprayed with 0, 5 and 10 g phosphite L−1. In both trials, zoospores were produced from infected tissue of plants treated with all concentrations of phosphite. In the glasshouse, spray application of 5 and 10 g phosphite L−1 significantly reduced the production of zoospores from both B. grandis and E. marginata seedlings. In the mined area there was a similar, though nonsignificant, reduction in the number of zoospores produced from phosphite-treated and nontreated E. marginata seedlings. However, the average number of zoospores produced was greater in plants not treated with phosphite (1·75 zoospores mL−1) than from plants treated with 5 or 10 g phosphite L−1 (0·04 and 0·09 zoospores mL−1, respectively). Pimelea ferruginea leaves were used to bait the water surrounding the plants in the mined area to determine if zoospores produced from phosphite-treated plants were able to infect plant material. Significantly more baits were infected by zoospores from plants not treated with phosphite compared with plants treated with 5 or 10 g phosphite L−1. These results suggest that phosphite reduces, but does not prevent, the production of viable zoospores on infected trees. Thus phosphite application may not remove the risk of P. cinnamomi spreading from infested, sprayed areas.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2001.00605.x

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8

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Microbial, chemical and physical changes during composting of a eucalyptus (Eucalyptus calophylla and Eucalyptus diversicolor) bark mix (1989)

Hardy, G. E. St. J. ; Sivasithamparam, K.

Springer

Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 260-270

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ISSN: 1432-0789

Keywords: Hardwood barks ; Composting ; Actinomycetes ; Filamentous fungi ; Yeasts ; Pseudomonads ; Pectinolytic bacteria ; Sporeformers ; Phytotoxicity ; CO2 evolution ; pH ; Temperature ; Microbial succession

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Summary Physical, chemical, and population changes among microorganisms in a eucalyptus bark mix were examined during composting. The microbial succession was studied in detail by dilution plating. The CO2 evolution corresponded to high microbial numbers. The pH increased rapidly, from 4 to 7.5, before stabilizing at approximately 6.5. Composting increased the availability of most nutrients. Initially, bacteria and filamentous fungi appeared to be the main decomposing organisms. With time, however, yeasts and actinomycetes increased in numbers. The numbers of spore-forming bacteria (Bacillus spp.) and pseudomonads also increased with time. The compost was initially phytotoxic, but ceased to be so within 76 days.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00266489

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