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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralogy and petrology 40 (1989), S. 39-56 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Hydrothermal veränderte granitische Gesteine kommen am nördlichen und nordwest-lichen Rand von dem vor, was man klassisch als “Witwatersrand-Becken” bezeichnet. Während dieser hydrothermalen Umwandlung wurden Pyrit, Kupferkies, Zinkblende, Molybdänglanz, Bleiglanz, Wurtzit und andere Sulfide abgesetzt, ebenso Uran- und SEE-reiche Knollen aus kohliger Substanz und Freigold. Erhitzungs- und Ausfrierdaten von sekundären Fluideinschlüssen in Gesteinsquarz, ebenso wie von primären Fluideinschlüssen in Gangquarz und Karbonat weisen darauf hin, daß zwei Hauptgruppen von wäßrigen Fluideinschlüssen existieren. Der Bereich der finalen Schmelztemperaturen der ersten Gruppe liegt zwischen 0 °C und −9 °C, was einer Salinität zwischen 0 und 13 äquiv. Gew.-% NaCl entspricht. Homogenisierung erfolgte bei Temperaturen zwischen 130 °C und 230 °C. Die zweite Gruppe von Einschlüssen hat im allgemeinen finale Schmelztemperaturen zwischen −14 °C und −26 °C, mit Salinitäten, die sich zwischen 12 und 30 äquiv. Gew.-% NaCl bewegen. Die Homogenisierungstemperaturen variieren von 120 °C bis ungefähr 170 °C. Die niedrigen initialen Schmelztemperaturen von −60 °C bis −35 °C und SEM-EDX-Analysen von Inkrustationen, die sich nach der Verdunstung der Flüssigkeit in geöffneten Einschlüssen bilden, weisen auf Ca, Cl und S als weitere Bestandteile. Gelegentliches Clathratschmelzen in beiden Typen von Fluiden zeigt die Anwesenheit von CO2, CH, und einigen anderen Clathratbildnern. Die niedrigsalinaren Fluide werden als von meteorischem, Seewasser oder metamorphem Ursprung gedeutet, während die hochsalinaren Fluide als “con.nate brines” oder sehr gereifte Formationswässer angesehen werden.
    Notes: Summary Hydrothermally altered granitic rocks occur along the northern and northwestern edge of what is classically termed the “Witwatersrand Basin”. Pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, molybdenite, galena, wurtzite and other sulphides were deposited during this hydrothermal alteration, as were uranium and REE-rich nodules of carbonaceous matter and free gold. Heating and freezing data from secondary fluid inclusions in igneous quartz as well as primary fluid inclusions in vein quartz and carbonate indicate that two main groups of aqueous fluid inclusions exist. The first group has a range of final melting temperatures from 0 °C to −9 °C, corresponding to salinities between 0 and 13 equivalent wt.% NaCl. Homogenization occurred at temperatures between 130 °C and 230 °C. The second group of inclusions generally have final melting temperatures between −14 °C and −26 °C, with salinities ranging between 12 and 30 equivalent wt.% NaCl. Homogenization temperatures range from 120 °C to about 170 °C. The low initial melting temperatures of -60°C to −35°C and SEM-EDX analyses of encrustations formed after evaporation of fluid in opened inclusions indicate as additional components Ca, Cl and S. Rare clathrate melting in both types of fluids indicate the presence of CO2, CH4 or some other clathrate compound. The low salinity fluids are interpreted to be of a meteoric, seawater or metamorphic origin, whereas the highly saline fluids are thought to be connate brines or highly evolved formation waters.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralogy and petrology 66 (1999), S. 55-81 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Einzelne Generationen von wäßrigen Flüssigkeitseinschlüssen in hydrothermalem Quarz von drei verschiedenen Gold-haltigen Konglomerathorizonten (Reefs) im spät-Archaischen Witwatersrand Becken, Südafrika, wurden mittels Ionenchromatographie und Kapillarelektrophorese untersucht. Weiters bestimmten wir die Sauerstoffisotopen-Verhältnisse hydrothermaler, zum Teil Gold-führender Quarze. Zusammen mit mikrothermometrischen Ergebnissen helfen die neu gewonnenen Daten, die chemische Zusammensetzung, pH-Wert, Bildungstemperatur und mögliche Herkunft der Gold-mobilisierenden Fluide zu rekonstruieren. Die dominierenden Kationen und Anionen in den wäßrigen Einschlüssen sind Na+ und Ca2+ beziehungsweise Cl− und HCO 3 − . In geringeren Mengen fanden sich K-, Mg2+ und SO 4 2− . In den meisten Einschlüssen wurden erhöhte Konzentrationen von NH + 4 festgestellt, welche direkt mit denen von NO - 3 korrelieren. Weiters konnten in etlichen Einschlüssen auch organische Säuren (Formfiat, Propionat und Azetat) nachgewiesen werden. Auf Grund des Mangels an Br−, einer Zusammensetzung, die stark von Meerwasser abweicht, der Anwesenheit organischer Säuren und δ18Ofluid-Werten um 0%o ist eine meteorische Herkunft der Gold-mobilisierenden Fluide im Witwatersrand Becken wahrscheinlich. Die Zirkulation dieser Fluide wird durch das 2020 Ma Vredefort Impakt-Ereignis erklärt, welches durch Bildung einer sekundären Permeabilität in Form eines feinen Netzwerkes von Mikrospalten, vor allem in den Konglomeratlagen, die bereits metamorph geprägten Gesteine des Witwatersrandes für die hydrothermale Infiltration vorbereitet hat. Diese Fluide unterscheiden sich von den älteren, regionalmetamorphen Fluiden durch einen wesentlich höheren pH-Wert (5.7–7.2), bei dem Gold seine maximale Löslichkeit unter den gegebenen physikalisch-chemischen Bedingungen besitzt. Dieser Unterschied im pH-Wert mag erklären, warum die relativ sauren regionalmetamorphen Fluide im Vergleich zu den Impakt-Fluiden kaum in der Lage waren, die ursprünglich detritischen Goldkörner zu mobilisieren.
    Notes: Summary Crush-leach data were obtained, using High Performance Gradient Ion-Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis, on individual generations of aqueous fluid inclusions in hydrothermal quartz from three different auriferous conglomerate horizons (reefs) in the late Archaean Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa. These data, supplemented by oxygen isotope analyses of hydrothermal quartz and in combination with microthermometric analyses, help to constrain the chemical composition, pH, temperature of formation and the possible source of the mineralizing fluid which, in places, was capable of mobilizing some of the primarily detrital gold in the fluvial Witwatersrand sediments. The dominant cations in the aqueous fluid inclusions are Na+ and Ca2+, with Cl− or HCO 3 − being the dominant anion, whereas K+, Mg2+, and SO 4 2− are subordinate. Most fluid inclusions have elevated NH 4 + concentrations which are directly correlated with those of N03. In a number of samples small amounts of organic acids (formate, propionate, and acetate) were also detected. A largely meteoric source is inferred for the gold-mobilizing fluids in the Witwatersrand reefs because of a lack of Br in the fluid, a composition distinctly different from that of seawater, the presence of organic acids, and δ18Ofluid values around O%o. The fluids are ascribed to hydrothermal infiltration triggered by the 2020 Ma Vredefort impact which also created a secondary permeability in the form of a dense network of micro-fractures preferentially in the conglomerate beds of the already metamorphosed Witwatersrand rock sequence. This fluid differs from the regional metamorphic fluid in the basin by having a considerably higher pH (5.7–7.2). The difference in pH might explain why the older, fairly acidic metamorphic fluid was apparently less capable of mobilizing the gold as gold solubility reaches its peak at the pH calculated for the fluid ascribed to the impact.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 66 (1977), S. 477-491 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The columnar form of carbonaceous layers in some Precambrian Witwatersrand conglomerates after detailed SEM examination has been shown to be a primary plant structure. By oxidation of the organic components at about 500° C a skeleton of length-orientated interconnected filaments is obtained which consist mainly of uranium oxide, lead oxide and gold. Some of the filaments preserved the original microbiological structures in detail. Brief heating of the columns causes a separation into different types of tissue thus making the reconstruction of the original plant possible. A comparison of the inner and outer structure and the probable metabolism with recent plants showed a definite resemblance to certain types of lichens. Following the presently used term of thucholite for the carbonaceous material the name ofThuchomyces lichenoides is suggested for the fossilized plant. A probably parasitic, filamentous fossilized microorganism which occurs in the Basal Reef together with Thuchomyces was namedWitwatersrand conidiophorus. Both fossils are described and their possible environment discussed.
    Abstract: Résumé L'étude détaillée, au microscope électronique à balayage, de la forme colonnaire de couches charbonneuses de certains conglomérats Précambriens du Witwatersrand, a permis d'y reconnaître une structure végétale primaire. Par l'oxydation des composants organiques a environ 500°, on obtient un squelette de filaments reliés entre eux et orientés dans le sens de la longueur, principalement à base d'oxyde d'uranium, d'oxyde de plomb, et d'or. Quelques-uns de ces filaments ont conservé leurs structures microbiologiques originelles dans tous leurs détails. Un bref réchauffement des colonnes cause la séparation des différentes sortes de tissus à partir desquels il est possible de reconstituer la plante originelle. Une comparaison de la structure interne et externe et du métabolisme probable avec des plantes récentes indique une ressemblance indéniable avec certaines sortes de lichens. Compte tenu de la désignation de 〈thucholite〉 pour la substance charbonneuse, le nom deThuchomyces lichenoides est suggéré pour cette plante fossile. Un autre micro-organisme filamenteux, probablement parasitaire, découvert dans le 〈Basal Reef〉, avec Thuchomyces, a reçu le nom deWitwateromyces conidiophorus. Les deux fossiles sont décrits et leur environnement probable, discuté.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die säulige Form von kohligen Lagen in den präkambrischen Witwatersrand Konglomeraten wurde durch detaillierte Untersuchungen im REM als primäre pflanzliche Struktur erkannt. Durch Oxydation der organischen Komponenten bei etwa 500° C erhält man ein Skelett aus längsorientierten und einander verknüpften mineralischen Filamenten (meist Uranoxyd, Bleioxyd und Gold), die zum Teil die ursprünglichen mikrobiologischen Formen bewahrt haben. Kurzes Erhitzen der Säulen bewirkt eine Aufspaltung in verschiedene Gewebearten wodurch eine Rekonstruktion der ursprünglichen Pflanze möglich wurde. Vergleiche des inneren und äußeren Aufbaus mit rezenten Pflanzen zeigt deutliche Ähnlichkeiten mit bestimmten Flechtenarten. In Anlehnung an die bisher gebräuchliche Bezeichnung Thucholith für die kohlige Substanz wirdThuchomyces lichenoides als Name für die fossile Pflanze vorgeschlagen. Ein wahrscheinlich parasitärer, fadenförmiger, fossiler Mikroorganismus, der im Basal Reef zusammen mit Thuchomyces vorkommt, wurdeWitwateromyces conidiophorus benannt. Die beiden Fossilien werden beschrieben und ihre mögliche Umwelt diskutiert.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental geology 39 (2000), S. 1372-1384 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Aries River ; Capillary electrophoresis ; Mining effluent ; Romania
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  This paper examines two issues, the extensive pollution occurring in the Aries River, NW Romania, as a result of unchecked discharge of mining effluents into the river system, and the suitability of capillary electrophoresis (CE) as an analytical method for investigations into water chemistry. The results confirm the first objective by providing details on the pollution of the Aries River and its geochemical system and demonstrate the usefulness of CE. In its upper reaches, the river system is characterized by high contents of SO4 2– as a direct result of acid mine effluents and the oxidation of sulphide minerals on mine dumps as well as inflows from settling ponds. Although continuous dilution by natural branch waters and natural water-rock interaction reduces the pollution to some extend, the total level of SO4 2– remains above European averages. The waters of the Aries River, by comparison, contain contents of Cu2+ and Zn2+ up to 100 times higher than those of unpolluted river water.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 22 (1987), S. 227-235 
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Hydrothermal alteration of peraluminous granitic rocks, occurring at Varkenskraal, northwest of the Witwatersrand Basin, consists of two major styles. The first style, pervasive in nature, is represented by two stages: i) A propylitic alteration and ii) A disseminated sericitization. Both alteration stages were accompanied by a deposition of disseminated sulphides. The second style is represented by a vein related alteration in four stages including potassium feldspar, minor carbonate and minor sulphide mineralization. Nodules of uraniferous carbonaceous matter and small amounts of particulate gold could possibly be associated with either one or both styles. Hydrothermally altered rocks of similar nature have been observed in a number of other localities close to the Witwatersrand Basin. Their abundance, large volumes and low-grade, disseminated pyrite/gold mineralization indicate that rocks of this type could have been the provenance of the Witwatersrand gold-bearing sediments.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A relationship has been established between morphological features and fineness of gold particles and the distance over which they have been transported in recent alluvial placer deposits, such as the rivers of the Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa and the river Rhine in Germany. It was possible to show that most gold particles from the Witwatersrand conglomerates retained their detrital morphology and by comparing them with particles from recent alluvial gold deposits it was possible to estimate the distance of transport for the Witwatersrand gold, which in most cases ranged from 10 km to 30 km. Gold particles in recent placers show a characteristic increase in fineness with increasing distance of transport because of the leaching of the silver from them. The Witwatersrand gold particles on the other hand, have retained their primary fineness, because leaching of silver in the oxygen-deficient Precambrian atmosphere was not feasible chemically.
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2002-08-01
    Print ISSN: 0888-5885
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-5045
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1978-03-01
    Print ISSN: 0017-1557
    Electronic ISSN: 2190-7579
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Springer
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2000-11-14
    Print ISSN: 0943-0105
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0495
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1994-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0026-461X
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-8022
    Topics: Geosciences
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