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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 62 (1991), S. 1317-1320 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Several methods of measuring contact resistivity between silver electrodes and YBa2Cu3O7−x superconductors were investigated; i.e., two-point, three-point, and lap-joint methods. The lap-joint method was found to yield the most consistent and reliable results and is proposed as a new technique for this measurement. Painting, embedding, and melting methods were used to apply the electrodes to the superconductor. Silver electrodes produced good ohmic contacts to YBa2Cu3O7−x superconductors with contact resistivities as low as 1.9×10−9 Ω cm2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 75 (1994), S. 4085-4091 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Axisymmetric three-point measurement of the contact resistance between a metal electrode and a superconductor substrate shows significant variation as a function of the placement of the voltage measuring probe on the metal electrode. This study explored this variation by the use of an analytical model simulating the voltage variation in the metal electrode. The model used a simplified scheme of mapping the electrode-superconductor interface to an equivalent layer with the same resistivity as the metal electrode. The voltage in the electrode was obtained by solving Laplace's equation. Using a numerical approximation process, three simplified equations for calculating the contact resistivities from the voltage measured from the three-point method were developed. The contact resistivities calculated from the modified equations and those measured from the lap-joint method were compared in order to show the validity of the modified equations. The radii of the electrode and current leads, and the ratio of the voltage measured at the top edge of the electrode to the voltage measured at the current lead determine the selection of the modified equations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 78 (1995), S. 9-15 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Electro-optic properties of thin-film materials grown on opaque substrates are determined utilizing the principles of reflection differential ellipsometry. The scheme of the measurement involves the detection of the field-induced phase shift in a probing light beam reflected from thin-film samples. To quantitatively determine the field-induced indices change or birefringence and the field-induced strain it is essential to model the differential ellipsometric process in the stratified structure. The modeling reveals that the field-induced changes of the ordinary and the extraordinary indices contribute to the measured phase shift with different incident-angle dependences. The field-induced strain gives yet another unique incident-angle distribution. By means of an incident-angle-varying technique, therefore, the field-induced changes of ordinary index and extraordinary index in a thin-film material may be determined separately. Detailed descriptions of the measuring technique and the modeling work are presented. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 65 (1994), S. 2507-2509 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A photoactivated birefringence has been observed in an antiferroelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin film material bounded by an indium-tin oxide (ITO) electrode. This phenomenon stemmed from the ultraviolet (UV) assistance to an antiferroelectric-to-ferroelectric structural transition which otherwise was inhibited by an effect of the lead zirconate titanate (PZT)-ITO interface. The UV-assisted structural transition was accompanied by a significant change in the birefringence of the PZT thin films. Using this phenomenon, an UV-addressed visible-light modulation was demonstrated with an ITO/PZT/Pt thin film structure on silicon substrates. © 1994 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 63 (1993), S. 1730-1732 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We report a birefringent bistability exhibited in ferroelectric thin films with a ferroelectric-semiconductor interface. Such birefringent bistability is observed in (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O3 (PLZT) thin films which are sandwiched between a platinum and a semiconducting indium-tin oxide (ITO) electrode. The magnitude of the birefringence between the two remanent states is approximately 0.9×10−3. The Pt/PLZT/ITO structure features a nonvolatile electro-optic memory operation, i.e., the switching between the two remanent birefringent states with bipolar electric pulses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 64 (1994), S. 1050-1052 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Lead lanthanum zirconium titanate (PLZT) 9.5/65/35 samples were electroded with BSCCO and YBCO superconductor materials. Extensive interaction was obtained between the PLZT and the YBCO, and very low interaction was observed between the BSCCO and the PLZT. The BSCCO superconductor on the PLZT substrate maintained its superconducting properties at liquid nitrogen temperature. The apparent dielectric constant of the PLZT was influenced by the electroding materials. Domain switching was found to be influenced by the electrode materials at low temperature. The BSCCO electroded samples showed the highest polarization switching rate among the samples electroded by different materials.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 82 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Ferroelectric ceramics were born in the early 1940s with the discovery of the phenomenon of ferroelectricity as the source of the unusually high dielectric constant in ceramic barium titanate capacitors. Since that time, they have been the heart and soul of several multibillion dollar industries, ranging from high-dielectric-constant capacitors to later developments in piezoelectric transducers, positive temperature coefficient devices, and electrooptic light valves. Materials based on two compositional systems, barium titanate and lead zirconate titanate, have dominated the field throughout their history. The more recent developments in the field of ferroelectric ceramics, such as medical ultrasonic composites, high-displacement piezoelectric actuators (Moonies, RAINBOWS), photostrictors, and thin and thick films for piezoelectric and integrated-circuit applications have served to keep the industry young amidst its growing maturity. Various ceramic formulations, their form (bulk, films), fabrication, function (properties), and future are described in relation to their ferroelectric nature and specific areas of application.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 80 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The newly developed Rainbow actuator features high displacement and good load-bearing capability, which are considered to be associated with Rainbow's unique dome-shaped configuration and high internal stress created during processing. The effects of the internal stress on the field-induced displacements of a series of PLZT Rainbow samples were investigated. It was found that the displacements were significantly enhanced for the samples having a reduced/total thickness ratio around 0.3 due to the interaction of the internal stress with ferroelectric domains. Finite element modeling was used to analyze the internal stress of the Rainbow actuators. The stress distribution revealed by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique agreed well with the modeling. Enhancement of domain reorientation by the internal stress was observed from the behavior of the XRD peaks in the presence of applied electric fields. The Rainbow samples with maximum stress-enhanced domain reorientation were found to exhibit maximum field-induced displacements. A finite element model incorporating the stress-enhancing mechanism with the displacement calculation was developed. This model yielded displacement values which were in good agreement with the experimental data.
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1991-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0034-6748
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7623
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1995-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0021-8979
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7550
    Topics: Physics
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