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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanism of paraquat tolerance in perennial ryegrass (1978)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 1 (1978), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mechanism of paraquat tolerance was investigated in lines of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) which had been selected for resistance to the herbicide. Uptake, metabolism and translocation of paraquat were studied. Susceptible cultivars and a tolerant line were not found to differ in uptake of radioactive paraquat applied to the leaf surface or supplied to the cut ends of excised leaves. Distribution of herbicide within leaf tissue was similar in tolerant and susceptible plants and no metabolites of 14C-paraquat were detected in tolerant or susceptible plants treated with sub-lethal concentrations of the herbicide. Autoradiography and quantitative determinations showed much variation in translocation of 14C-paraquat out of treated leaves of intact plants, but the variation was not related to the degree of susceptibility to the herbicide. It is concluded that paraquat tolerance in perennial ryegrass is unlikely to depend upon reduced uptake, enhanced metabolism or altered translocation of the herbicide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1978.tb00762.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanism of paraquat tolerance in perennial ryegrass (1978)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 1 (1978), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Relative activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase have been determined in crude extracts of 4 paraquat-tolerant lines and 11 paraquat-susceptible cultivars of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) grown under controlled conditions. Paraquat-tolerant lines showed significantly higher activities of both catalase and superoxide dismutase than susceptible cultivars and some resistant lines exhibited in addition elevated peroxidase activity. Differences in superoxide dismutase levels in isolated chloroplasts appeared to parallel those in crude extracts. It is tentatively proposed that paraquat tolerance is due to destruction of O2−by elevated concentrations of superoxide dismutase and detoxification of the resulting hydrogen peroxide by increased levels of catalase and peroxidase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1978.tb00763.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An assessment of the possible reasons for differential tolerance to fluroxypyr in selected populations of Galium aparine (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 36 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: In an investigation of the possible reasons for tolerance lo fluroxypyr by Galium aparine L. (cleavers), a wide range of variation in total herbicide retention was exhibited by nine diverse populations from throughout Europe. Although these differences in fluroxypyr relention became negligible when considered on a unit area basis, a two-fold difference was maintained per unit dry matter. There was no difference in fluroxypyr uptake between a fluroxypyr-tolerant and a fluroxypyr-susceptible population, and differences in translocation between the two populations did not seem to explain the differential tolerance. It is suggested that differential metabolic detoxification may be the main reason for the variation in response to fluroxypyr by populations of G. aparine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1996.tb01796.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Paraquat tolerant Lolium perenne L.: effects of paraquat on germinating seedlings (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 21 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A cultivar of Lolium perenne L. (Causeway) selected for tolerance to foliar-applied paraquat was shown also to be tolerant at seed germination and establishment.When seeds were germinated in paraquat solutions (1, 3, 9, 27 ppm), Causeway was more than ten times as tolerant as a normal cultivar of L. perenne.When germination and survival were studied in a soil which had been sprayed with paraquat (0.0, 0.3, 0.9, 2.7 kg/ha) before sowing, Causeway was nearly three times as tolerant as a normal cultivar. Holcus lanatus L. was about equal to normal L. perenne, but Poa trivialis L. was less tolerant. Phytotoxicity was greater in a 10.5% organic than a 4.8% organic soil.It is concluded that the mechanism of paraquat tolerance operates in the non-photosynthetic tissues of germinating seedlings as well as in the photosynthetic tissues of older plants, although the degree of tolerance varies according to the mode and stage of application of the herbicide. There might be advantages in using a paraquat tolerant cultivar of L. perenne when direct drilling grass after sward destruction by paraquat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1981.tb00093.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dry matter and quality of herbage harvested from Holcus lanatus and Lolium perenne grown in monocultures and in mixtures (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The herbage dry matter (DM) harvested, N response and herbage quality of monocultures and mixtures of Holcus lanatus (local ecotype) and Lolium perenne (cv. S24) were compared in a field experiment. The species were seeded in the proportions 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0: 100; three rates of N were applied (150, 300 and 450 kg ha−1) and five or six cuts were taken in each of four harvest years. H. lanatus established poorly in the seeding year and in the first full harvest year L. perenne contributed 1, 54, 76, 89 and 99% of the total herbage DM harvested from the five sward types (mean of N treatments). Only a small decline in the L. perenne content of the swards occurred during the experiment.Total amounts of herbage harvested were significantly lower for H. lanatus monoculture than for the other sward types in three of the four harvest years However, L perenne monoculture yielded significantly more total DM than mixtures with H lanatus in only one of the four harvest years. The five sward types did not differ overall in response to N fertilization. Nitrogen, phosphate and potassium content of the herbage was greatest for H. lanatus monoculture and decreased with increasing proportions ofL perenne present in the mixtures.Thus the presence of a high proportion of H. lanatus in mixture with L. perenne cv. S24 had
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01677.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The response of Whitegrass [Cortaderia pilosa (D’Urv.) Hack.] to nitrogen nutrition (2001)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Grass and forage science 56 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: To investigate the potential for increasing Falkland Island Whitegrass [Cortaderia pilosa (D’Urv.) Hack.] pasture production through application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer, two hydroponic experiments were conducted. First, 5 mg l–1 N was supplied to plants as nitrate (NO3–), urea [CO (NH2)2], ammonium (NH4+), or a nine parts NH4+: one part NO3– mixture. At harvest, plants grown in a NO3– medium had about half the biomass of plants grown in a NH4+ medium. In the second experiment plants were supplied with 1, 3, 10, 30 or 100 mg l–1 NH4+-N. Plants at 1 and 3 mg l–1 N had the largest biomass of young root and the lowest shoot–root ratios. Leaf extension rate was low in the 1 mg l–1 N treatment. Plants given 10 mg l–1 N had the greatest proportion of green shoot material but little root growth; while those at 100 mg l–1 N produced very little shoot and root biomass. Preferential assimilation of NH4+-N and a low N requirement make Whitegrass well adapted to dominating vegetation on much of the Falkland Islands.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2494.2001.00252.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of gibberellic acid in the hydrolysis of endosperm reserves in Zea mays (1974)
    Springer
    Planta 121 (1974), S. 67-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Excised maize (Zea mays L.) endosperms incubated in buffer rapidly degrade their starch and protein reserves. These processes are not markedly stimulated by addition of gibberellic acid (GA3). However protease and α-amylase production are strongly inhibited by abscisic acid, and this inhibition can be overcome by exogenous GA3. Endosperms of a dwarf mutant maize (d 5), which is deficient in endogenous GA, produce only small amounts of protease and α-amylase. With these mutants oxogenous GA3 causes a 3-5fold stimulation in hydrolase production. Our interpretation of these results is that in many cases maize endosperms contain sufficient gibberellin to stimulate maximal hydrolase production and starch and protein breakdown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384007
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stimulation of in vitro root and shoot growth of potato by increasing sucrose concentration in the presence of fluridone, an inhibitor of abscisic acid synthesis (1994)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 37 (1994), S. 271-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fluridone, an inhibitor of abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis, strongly stimulated rooting of nodal stem segments of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivar Arran Banner cultured in darkness on tuberisation medium. Inclusion of 10-6 M ABA in the culture medium prevented this rooting response, indicating that root proliferation in the presence of fluridone could be due to inhibition of ABA synthesis. The rooting response to fluridone (increased total root number and root fresh weight) was obtained only at high sucrose concentrations (0.175 and 0.234 M) and was demonstrated with two potato cultivars and two culture media; one which favoured tuberisation and one which did not. Shoot numbers were also increased, but to a lesser extent than root numbers, and total fresh weight of plant material per culture was greatly increased by inclusion of both fluridone (10-6 or 10-5 M) and 0.234 M sucrose in the culture medium. The role of sucrose was not simply osmotic because when the osmolarity of fluridone medium was increased using mixtures of mannitol and sucrose, no root proliferation occurred unless sucrose predominated in the mixture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00042340
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soluble iron is lost from MS medium pre-exposed to light but growth of potato plantlets is not inhibited (1996)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 46 (1996), S. 117-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: EDTA ; iron deficiency ; light ; Solanum tuberosum ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plant tissue culture medium which contained FeEDTA as sole iron source was incubated aseptically in light (16-h photoperiod, 100 μmol m-2 s-1 PAR) at 20°C without plant tissue. Soluble iron dropped from an initial concentration of 4 mg 1-1 to less than 0.1 mg 1-1 in 4 weeks. This occurred in both glass and plastic culture vessels. No loss occurred when medium was incubated at 20°C in darkness. A further experiment showed that soluble iron concentration fell to 〈0.2 mg 1-1 in only 4 days but the loss was slower at lower irradiances. Effects of the loss of soluble iron on plantlet growth were assessed by culturing single node stem segments of in vitro potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Arran Banner) plantlets on medium previously exposed to light. Pre-exposure sufficient to reduce soluble iron concentration to 〈0.1 mg 1-1 had no inhibitory effect on plantlet development in solidified medium or in liquid medium, except when the liquid medium had been centrifuged before inoculation to remove iron precipitated during pre-exposure to light. The plantlets then became chlorotic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00034844
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A simple method for maintaining high multiplication of Narcissus shoot cultures in vitro (1992)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 30 (1992), S. 227-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: cultivar ; cutting ; in vitro ; multiplication ; Narcissus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A simple method for stimulating and maintaining high in vitro multiplication of Narcissus shoot clump cultures was developed. Shoot clumps were subjected either to ‘normal cutting’ where leaves were trimmed to 20 mm in length at the beginning of each culture passage or to ‘severe cutting’ where shoot clumps were cut down to the basal plate region removing all green tissue. ‘Severe cutting’ at the beginning of each culture passage initially doubled the leaf multiplication, compared to ‘normal cutting’, but the difference between cutting treatments declined in successive passages. The improvement in leaf multiplication was maintained when shoot clumps were subjected to ‘severe cutting’ only at every other culture passage, with no cutting in the alternate ‘recovery’ passages. In vitro multiplication was increased by ‘severe cutting’ in all seven Narcissus cultivars which were tested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040025
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